ÀÚÀ¯·Ð(On Liberty)(1859) : A person may cause evil to others not only by his actions but by his inaction, and in either case he is justly accountable to them for the injury. »ç¶÷Àº ±×ÀÇ Çൿ»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±×ÀÇ ¹«À§·Î ÀÎÇØ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¾ÇÀ» ³¢Ä¥ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¾î´À °æ¿ìµç ±×´Â ±× »óó¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¸¶¶¥È÷ ±×µé¿¡°Ô Ã¥ÀÓÀÌ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÚÀ¯·Ð(On Liberty)(1859)Àº Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹ÐÀÇ ´ëÇ¥ÀÛÀÌÀÚ, ÇöÀç±îÁöµµ ȸÀڵǴ ½¢ÇÑ ¾î·ÏÀÌ Åº»ýÇÑ ¸íÀú·Î ¡®Àΰ£ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¡¯¶õ Ãß»óÀûÀÎ °¡Ä¡¸¦ ü°èÀûÀ¸·Î ´Ù·ç¾úÀ¸¸ç À̸¦ ±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î ±ÇÀ§¿Í ÀÚÀ¯ »çÀÌÀÇ °ü°è¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ç¥ÁØ(standards for the relationship between authority and liberty)À» Á¦½ÃÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. Å׸¶¿©Çà½Å¹® TTN Korea ¿µ¾î°íÀü(English Classics)°ú ÇÔ²² ¾îÁ¦µµ, ¿À´Ãµµ, ³»Àϵµ ¸ÚÁø ¹®Çп©ÇàÀ»! B
If all mankind minus one, were of one opinion, and only one person were of the contrary opinion, mankind would be no more justified in silencing that one person, than he, if he had the power, would be justified in silencing mankind. ¸¸¾à ¸ðµç Àηù°¡ Çϳª¸¦ »« °ÍÀÌ ÇϳªÀÇ ÀÇ°ßÀÌ°í ¿ÀÁ÷ ÇÑ »ç¶÷ ¸¸ÀÌ ¹Ý´ë ÀÇ°ßÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù¸é, Àηù´Â ±× ÇÑ »ç¶÷À» ħ¹¬½ÃÅ°´Â µ¥ ´õ ÀÌ»ó Á¤´çȵÇÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
¼¼ °¡ÁöÀÇ ±âº»Àû ÀÚÀ¯(the three basic liberties) : The freedom of thought and emotion. This includes the freedom to act on such thought, i.e. freedom of speech. »ý°¢°ú °¨Á¤ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¿©±â¿¡´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ »ý°¢¿¡ µû¶ó ÇൿÇÏ´Â ÀÚÀ¯, Áï ¾ð·ÐÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯°¡ Æ÷ÇԵ˴ϴÙ. The freedom to pursue tastes (provided they do no harm to others), even if they are deemed "immoral¡° ÃëÇâÀ» Ãß±¸ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀÚÀ¯(´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô Çظ¦ ³¢Ä¡Áö ¾Ê´Â °æ¿ì)´Â ºñ·Ï "ºÎµµ´öÇÑ" °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁö´õ¶óµµ ¸»ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. The freedom to unite so long as the involved members are of age, the involved members are not forced, and no harm is done to others. °ü·Ã ±¸¼º¿øµéÀÌ ¼º³âÀÌ°í, °ü·Ã ±¸¼º¿øµéÀÌ °¿äµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Çظ¦ ³¢Ä¡Áö ¾Ê´Â ÇÑ ´Ü°áÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀÚÀ¯ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
»ý°¢°ú Åä·ÐÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯(Of the liberty of thought and discussion) : First, if any opinion is compelled to silence, that opinion may, for aught we can certainly know, be true. To deny this is to assume our own infallibility. Secondly, though the silenced opinion be an error, it may, and very commonly does, contain a portion of truth; and since the general or prevailing opinion on any subject is rarely or never the whole truth, it is only by the collision of adverse opinions that the remainder of the truth has any chance of being supplied. Thirdly, even if the received opinion be not only true, but the whole truth; unless it is suffered to be, and actually is, vigorously and earnestly contested, it will, by most of those who receive it, be held in the manner of a prejudice, with little comprehension or feeling of its rational grounds. And not only this, but, fourthly, the meaning of the doctrine itself will be in danger of being lost, or enfeebled, and deprived of its vital effect on the character and conduct: the dogma becoming a mere formal profession, inefficacious for good, but cumbering the ground, and preventing the growth of any real and heartfelt conviction, from reason or personal experience. ù°, ¾î¶² ÀÇ°ßÀÌ Ä§¹¬Çϵµ·Ï °¿äµÈ´Ù¸é, ±× ÀÇ°ßÀº, ¿ì¸®°¡ È®½ÇÈ÷ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖÁö¸¸, »ç½ÇÀÏ ¼öµµ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀ» ºÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¿ì¸® ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹«´ÉÀ» °¡Á¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. µÑ°·Î, ħ¹¬ÇÏ´Â ÀÇ°ßÀÌ ºñ·Ï ¿À·ùÀÏÁö¶óµµ, ±×¸®°í ¸Å¿ì ÈçÇÏ°Ô´Â Áø¸®ÀÇ ÀϺθ¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù; ±×¸®°í ¾î¶² ÁÖÁ¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ÀÇ°ßÀ̳ª Áö¹èÀûÀÎ ÀÇ°ßÀÌ Áø¸®ÀÇ ÀüºÎÀÎ °æ¿ì´Â µå¹°°Å³ª °áÄÚ ¾Æ´Ï±â ¶§¹®¿¡, Áø¸®ÀÇ ³ª¸ÓÁö°¡ Á¦°øµÉ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ºÎÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ÀÇ°ßÀÇ Ãæµ¹¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ¸¸ °¡´ÉÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¼Â°, ¼³·É ¹ÞÀº ÀÇ°ßÀÌ »ç½ÇÀÏ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Áø½Ç Àüü°¡ µÉ Áö¶óµµ; ±×°ÍÀÌ °íÅë¹Þ°í ½ÇÁ¦·Î °Ý·ÄÇÏ°í ÁøÁöÇÏ°Ô ´ÙÅõÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é, ±×°ÍÀ» ¹ÞÀº ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×°ÍÀÇ ÇÕ¸®Àû ±Ù°Å¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌÇسª ´À³¦ ¾øÀÌ Æí°ßÀÇ ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ¼ö¿ëµÉ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®°í À̰ͻӸ¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ³Ý°, ±³¸®ÀÇ ÀÇ¹Ì ÀÚü°¡ »ó½ÇµÇ°Å³ª ¾àȵǾî Àΰݰú ÇàÀ§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÚÅ»´çÇÒ À§Çè¿¡ óÇÏ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. µ¶´ÜÁÖÀÇ´Â ´ÜÁö Çü½ÄÀûÀÎ Á÷¾÷ÀÌ µÇ°í ¼±¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È¿·ÂÀÌ ¾ø°í, ¶¥À» µÚµ¤°í, ¾î¶² Áø½ÇµÇ°í Áø½É ¾î¸° ½Å³äÀÌ À̼ºÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Àڶ󳪴 °ÍÀ» ¸·½À´Ï´Ù. ¶Ç´Â °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ °æÇèÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
Á¤ºÎÀÇ °£¼·¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇؾßÇÏ´Â ¼¼ °¡Áö ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ÀÌÀ¯(three general reasons to object to governmental interference) : if agents do the action better than the government. ´ë¸®ÀÎÀÌ Á¤ºÎº¸´Ù ´õ ÀßÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì. if it benefits agents to do the action though the government may be more qualified to do so. Á¤ºÎ°¡ ´õ ÀÚ°ÝÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÁö¸¸, ´ë¸®ÀÎÀÌ Á¶Ä¡¸¦ ÃëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÀÌÀÍÀÌ µÇ´Â °æ¿ì. if the action would add so greatly to the government power that it would become over-reaching or individual ambition would be turned into dependency on government. ¸¸¾à ±× ÇൿÀÌ Á¤ºÎ ±Ç·Â¿¡ ³Ê¹« Å« ÈûÀ» ´õÇØ °úµµÇÏ°Ô ´Þ¼ºÇϰųª °³ÀÎÀÇ ¾ß¸ÁÀÌ Á¤ºÎ¿¡°Ô ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â °æ¿ì.
-¸ñÂ÷(Index)-
ÇÁ·Ñ·Î±×(Prologue). Å׸¶¿©Çà½Å¹® TTN Korea ¿µ¾î°íÀü(English Classics) 101¼±À» Àоî¾ß ÇÏ´Â 7°¡Áö ÀÌÀ¯
14°¡Áö Å°¿öµå·Î Àд Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹Ð(John Stuart Mill) by Á¶¸íÈ ÆíÁýÀå
01. Çö´ë ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ(Modern liberalism)¿Í ¸®¹ö·² Æä¹Ì´ÏÁò(Liberal feminism)À» ³ë·¡ÇÏ´Ù, Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹Ð(John Stuart Mill)(1806~1873)
02. ³í¸®ÇРü°è(A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive)(1843)
03. Á¤Ä¡°æÁ¦ÇÐ ¿ø¸®(Principles of Political Economy)(1848)
04. ÀÚÀ¯·Ð(On Liberty)(1859)
05. °ø¸®ÁÖÀÇ(Utilitarianism)(1861)
06. ´ëÀÇÁ¤ºÎ·Ð(Considerations on Representative Government)(1861)
07. ¿©¼ºÀÇ Á¾¼Ó(The Subjection of Women)(1869)
08. Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹Ð ÀÚ¼Àü(The Autobiography of John Stuart Mill)(1873)
09. Á¾±³¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©(Three Essays on Religion)(1874)
10. »çȸÁÖÀÇ·Ð(Socialism)(1879)
11. Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹Ð ¼±Áý(Collected Works of John Stuart Mill)(1963)
12. Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹Ð(John Stuart Mill)À» ¸¸³ª´Â 8°÷
13. ¿Àµð¿ÀºÏ(Audio Books)À¸·Î µè´Â Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹Ð(John Stuart Mill)
14. Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹Ð(John Stuart Mill) ¾î·Ï(Quotes)(33)
Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹ÐÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯·Ð(On Liberty by John Stuart Mill)(1859)
Introduction
Contents
Chapter I. Introductory
Chapter II. Of the Liberty of Thought and Discussion
Chapter III. Of Individuality, As one of the Elements of Well-being
Chapter IV. Of the Limits to the Authority of Society over the Individual
Chapter V. Applications
ºÎ·Ï(Appendix). ¼¼°èÀÇ °íÀüÀ» ¿©ÇàÇÏ´Â È÷Ä¡ÇÏÀÌÄ¿¸¦ À§ÇÑ ¾È³»¼(The Hitchhiker's Guide to Worlds¡¯s Classics)
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Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹Ð(John Stuart Mill)
Çö´ë ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ(Modern liberalism)¿Í ¸®¹ö·² Æä¹Ì´ÏÁò(liberal feminism)À» ³ë·¡ÇÏ´Ù, Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹Ð(John Stuart Mill)(1806~1873) : ¿µ±¹ÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀÚ(English philosopher)ÀÌÀÚ Á¤Ä¡ °æÁ¦ÇÐÀÚ(political economist), ÀÚÀ¯´ç ´ç¿ø(A member of the Liberal Part)ÀÌÀÚ ±¹È¸ ÀÇ¿ø(Member of Parliament) °â °ø¹«¿ø(civil servant), ´ç´ëÀÇ ¼®Çеé°ú ´ëÈÇϸç ÀڽŸ¸ÀÇ °øºÎ¹ýÀ» Á¤¸³ÇÑ ½Åµ¿ÀÌÀÚ ¼ö¸¹Àº ¸íÀú¸¦ ÁýÇÊÇÑ ÃµÀç ÀÛ°¡... ÀÏÆò»ý ´Ù¾çÇÑ Á÷¾÷À» ³Ñ³ªµé¸ç ¿Õ¼ºÇÏ°Ô È°µ¿ÇÑ Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹Ð(John Stuart Mill)(1806~1873)À» ¼³¸íÇÏ´Â ¼ö½Ä¾î´Â ÇÑ ¼Õ¿¡ ²ÅÀ» ¼ö ¾øÀ» Á¤µµ·Î ´Ù¾çÇÕ´Ï´Ù. °íÀü ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀÇ ¿ª»ç¿¡¼ °¡Àå ¿µÇâ·Â ÀÖ´Â »ç»ó°¡ Áß Çϳª(One of the most influential thinkers in the history of classical liberalism), 19¼¼±âÀÇ °¡Àå ¿µÇâ·Â ÀÖ´Â ¿µ¾î »ç¿ë öÇÐÀÚ(the most influential English-speaking philosopher of the nineteenth century), °ø¸®ÁÖÀÇÀÇ ÁöÁöÀÚ(proponent of utilitarianism), ¿µ±¹ ¼º°øȸ 39°³Á¶ ½ÅÁ¶(Thirty-nine Articles)(1556)¸¦ °ÅºÎÇÑ ºñÀûÇÕÁÖÀÇÀÚ(a nonconformist), ¿©¼ºÀÇ Á¾¼Ó(The Subjection of Women)(1869)À» ÁýÇÊÇÑ Ãʱâ Æä¹Ì´Ï½ºÆ® ÀÛ°¡(author of the early feminist work The Subjection of Women), ¿©¼º ÂüÁ¤±ÇÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÑ µÎ ¹ø° ±¹È¸ÀÇ¿ø(the second Member of Parliament to call for women's suffrage), ³ëº§¹®Çлó(Nobel Prize in Literature)(1950) ¼ö»óÀÚ ¹öÆ®·±µå ·¯¼¿(Bertrand Arthur William Russell)(1872~1970)ÀÇ ´ëºÎ(godfather)...
It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied. µÅÁö°¡ ¸¸Á·ÇÏ´Â °Íº¸´Ù Àΰ£ÀÌ ºÒ¸¸Á·½º·¯¿î °ÍÀÌ ´õ ³´°í, ¼ÒÅ©¶óÅ×½º°¡ ¸¸Á·ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¹Ùº¸°¡ ¸¸Á·ÇÏ´Â °Íº¸´Ù ´õ ³´½À´Ï´Ù.
¿©¼ºÀÇ Á¾¼Ó(The Subjection of Women)(1869) : Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹ÐÀÇ ¼ö½Ä¾î Áß¿¡ ¿©¼ºÀÇ Á¾¼Ó(The Subjection of Women)(1869)À» ÁýÇÊÇÑ Ãʱâ Æä¹Ì´Ï½ºÆ® ÀÛ°¡(author of the early feminist work The Subjection of Women)ÀÌÀÚ ¿©¼º ÂüÁ¤±ÇÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÑ µÎ ¹ø° ±¹È¸ÀÇ¿ø(the second Member of Parliament to call for women's suffrage)À̶õ °ÍÀÌ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. 19¼¼±â Á߹ݿ¡ ¿©¼ºÆòµî°ú ¿©¼ºÇعæÀ̶ó´Â °ú°ÝÇÑ(?!) ÁÖÀåÀ» ÆîÄ£ ±×¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Ã¼±Àº °öÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸³ª, ÀÜ ´Ù¸£Å©(Jeanne d'Arc)(1412~1431)¿Í ¿¤¸®ÀÚº£½º 1¼¼(Elizabeth I)(1533~1603)¸¦ ±Ù°Å·Î ¿©¼ºÀÇ ´É·ÂÀÌ ³²¼ºº¸´Ù ³·Áö ¾ÊÀ½À» ÀÔÁõÇÑ ½ÇÁõÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ý·ÐÀº Çö´ë ¿©¼ºÇعæ¿îµ¿ÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀû Åä´ë·Î °è½ÂµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.
As long as justice and injustice have not terminated their ever renewing fight for ascendancy in the affairs of mankind, human beings must be willing, when need is, to do battle for the one against the other. Á¤ÀÇ¿Í ºÒÀÇ°¡ ÀηùÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ±×µéÀÇ °ÅµìµÇ´Â ¿ìÀ§ ½Î¿òÀ» Á¾½Ä½ÃÅ°Áö ¾Ê´Â ÇÑ, Àΰ£Àº ÇÊ¿äÇÒ ¶§ »ó´ë¹æÀ» À§ÇØ ±â²¨ÀÌ ÅõÀïÇØ¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹Ð ÀÚ¼Àü(The Autobiography of John Stuart Mill)(1873) : Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹ÐÀÇ »ýÀÇ ¸»³â¿¡ ¾î¸° ½ÃÀýºÎÅÍ ÇöÀç±îÁö ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »îÀ» ½Ã±âº°·Î ¹ÝÃßÇÑ È¸°í·Ï, Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹Ð ÀÚ¼Àü(The Autobiography of John Stuart Mill)(1873)À» Á÷Á¢ ÁýÇÊÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ±×ÀÇ »ç»ó°ú öÇÐ »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, Àΰ£À¸·Î½áÀÇ ¸é¸ð¸¦ È®ÀÎÇÏ°í ½ÍÀº µ¶ÀÚ¶ó¸é ¹Ýµå½Ã ÀоîºÁ¾ßÇÒ Ã¥ÀÏ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ƯÈ÷ ¾î·Á¼ºÎÅÍ ¾Æ¹öÁö¿Í Ä¡¿ÇÑ Åä·ÐÀ» ÁÖ°í ¹Þ¾ÒÀ» »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ´ç´ëÀÇ »ç»ó°¡µé°ú Á÷Á¢ ±³·ùÇÏ¿´°í, À̸¦ ÅëÇØ ÀڽŸ¸ÀÇ »ç»óÀû Åä´ë¸¦ Á¤¸³ÇØ °¡´Â °úÁ¤Àº ¡®±³À°¹ý¡¯°ú ¡®°øºÎ¹ý¡¯À̶õ Ãø¸é¿¡¼ ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÇ °ü½É°ú È£±â½ÉÀ» ºÒ·¯ ÀÏÀ¸Ä×½À´Ï´Ù.
The amount of eccentricity in a society has generally been proportional to the amount of genius, mental vigor and moral courage it contained. That so few now dare to be eccentric marks the chief danger of the time. ÇÑ »çȸ¿¡¼ ±«Â¥ÀÇ ¾çÀº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ±×°ÍÀÌ ´ã°í Àִ õÀ缺, Á¤½ÅÀû È°·Â, µµ´öÀû ¿ë±âÀÇ ¾ç¿¡ ºñ·ÊÇØ ¿Ô½À´Ï´Ù. ±× ¼Ò¼öÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¸¸ÀÌ ±«Â¥¶ó°í °¨È÷ ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ±× ´ç½ÃÀÇ °¡Àå Å« À§Çè¿äÀÎÀÌÁÒ.
Á¾±³¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©(Three Essays on Religion)(1874) : Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹ÐÀÇ Á¾±³¿¡ °üÇÑ ¼¼ °¡Áö ¿¡¼¼ÀÌ(Three Essays on Religion)(1874)´Â ÈçÈ÷ ¡®Á¾±³¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©¡¯·Î ¿Å°ÜÁö´Â ÀÛÇ°À¸·Î, ±×°¡ »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¿¬(Nature), Á¾±³ÀÇ È¿¿ë(Utility of Religion), ±×¸®°í À¯½Å·Ð(Theism)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç»óÀ» Á¤¸®ÇÑ ¼¼ ÆíÀÇ ¼öÇÊ·Î ±×ÀÇ »çÈÄ¿¡ ÀçÈ¥ÇÑ ¾Æ³» Çظ®¾ù Å×ÀÏ·¯ ¹Ð(Harriet Taylor Mill)(1807~1858)ÀÇ ÀǺ׵þ Çï·» Å×ÀÏ·¯(Helen Taylor)(1831~1907)°¡ ¿«¾î Ãâ°£Çß½À´Ï´Ù. ¹ÐÀº °³ÀÎÀ¸·Î½á ºÒ°¡Áö·Ð(ÝÕʦò±Öå)À» °í¼öÇÏ¿´À¸³ª, µ¿½Ã¿¡ ÇÕ¸®ÁÖÀÇÀڷνá Á¾±³°¡ Àΰ£¿¡°Ô Èñ¸ÁÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ´Â È¿¿ë¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ºÎÀÎÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª, Á¾±³¸¦ ³»¼¼¿î ±³´ÜÀÌ ½Å¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÏÀ½À» ¾Ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» °ÇÏ°Ô ºñÆÇÇÏ¿´ÁÒ. ¿À±Í½ºÆ® ÄáÆ®(Auguste Comte)(1798~1857)°¡ â½ÃÇÑ ¼¼¼Ó Á¾±³(a secular religion) Àΰ£Á¾±³(Religion of Humanity)¸¦ ¼Ò°³ÇÏ°í, ÄáÆ®°¡ ÁÖâÇÑ À±¸®ÀûÀÎ ±³È¸(ethical churches)¸¦ ÈÄ´ëÀÎÀÇ ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ Á¾±³°üÀ¸·Î °Á¶ÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù.
Even despotism does not produce its worst effects, so long as individuality exists under it; and whatever crushes individuality is despotism, by whatever name it may be called, and whether it professes to be enforcing the will of God or the injunctions of men. ½ÉÁö¾î ÀüÁ¦ÁÖÀÇ(despotism)µµ ±× ¾Æ·¡¿¡ °³¼ºÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ÇÑ ÃÖ¾ÇÀÇ °á°ú¸¦ ³ºÁö´Â ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®°í °³¼ºÀ» Æı«ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ÀüÁ¦ÁÖÀÇÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×°ÍÀÌ ¾î¶² À̸§À¸·Î ºÒ¸®µç °£¿¡, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀÌ ½ÅÀÇ ÀÇÁö¸¦ °¿äÇÑ´Ù°í °ø¾ðÇϵç Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀ» °¿äÇÑ´Ù°í °ø¾ðÇÏµç °£¿¡ ¸»ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.