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È©½º´Â ¡®¿µ¿øÈ÷ Á×Áö ¾Ê´Â ¹Ù´Ù ±«¼ö¡¯ ¸®¹ÙÀ̾î´ø(Leviathan)À» ¡®¼ö¸¹Àº Àΰ£µéÀÇ ÁýÇÕü¡¯, Áï ±¹°¡¿¡ ºñÀ¯ÇÏ¿´°í, ±×·¡¼ Ã¥ Á¦¸ñÀ¸·Î äÅÃÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ±×ÀÇ Àΰ£°ú ±¹°¡, ¿Õ°ú Á¾±³¿¡ °üÇÑ »ç»óÀÌ Áý¾àµÈ ¸®¹ÙÀ̾î´ø(Leviathan)(1651) ºÎÁ¦´Â '±³È¸ ¹× ½Ã¹ÎÀÇ °øµ¿Ã¼ÀÇ ³»¿ë¡¤ÇüÅ¡¤±Ç·Â(The Matter, Forme and Power of a Common-Wealth Ecclesiastical and Civil)¡¯ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Ã¥ÀÇ Á¦¸ñ¸¸ º¸ÀÚ¸é, »ç»ó¼¶ó±âº¸´Ù´Â »ç½Ç ¡®¿µ¿õÀÌ °Å´ë ±«¼ö¸¦ ¹«Â´Â ÆÇŸÁö À帣¡¯°¡ ¾î¿ï¸®Áö¿ä. ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¸®¹ÙÀ̾î´øÀ̶õ Á¦¸ñÀÇ ¼Ò¼³µµ ¿©·µ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. 1651³â Ãâ°£µÈ Ã¥ÀÇ Ç¥Áö¿¡´Â ¼ºÀ» ³»·Á´Ùº¸´Â ¡®°Å´ëÇÑ Àΰø Àΰ£¡¯ÀÌ ¸Ó¸®¿¡ ¿Õ°üÀ» ¾²°í, ¿Þ¼Õ¿¡´Â ¿ÕȦ(èÝûî, scepter)À», ¿À¸¥ ¼Õ¿¡´Â °ËÀ» µé°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ±¹°¡°¡ ¸ðµç °ø¹Î(ÍëÚÅ)À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾çµµ¹ÞÀº ÁöÈֱǰú ±º»ç·ÂÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀºÀ¯ÇÑ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ È©½º´Â ¸ðµç °ø¹Î(ÍëÚÅ)Àº ÀڽŵéÀÌ ÇÕÀÇÇÑ ±Ç·ÂÀÇ À̾çÀÚ¸¦ µû¶ó¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÚ¼¼È÷ º¸¸é ¡®°Å´ëÇÑ Àΰø Àΰ£¡¯Àº ¡®¹«¼öÈ÷ ¸¹Àº Àΰ£µé·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø ÁýÇÕü¡¯·Î ¼¼¹ÐÇÏ°Ô ¹¦»çµÇ¾î ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ¼Ò¿À¸§!!
È©½º´Â ¸®¹ÙÀ̾î´ø(Leviathan)(1651)À» ÅëÇØ ¿Õ±Ç½Å¼ö¼³(èÝÏíãêâ£àã, Divine Right of Kings)ÀÌ ´ë¼¼ÀÌ´ø ´ç½ÃÀÇ »óȲ¿¡¼ ¡®¿ÕÀÇ ±Ç·Â¡¯ÀÌ ½Å(À§)À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ³»·Á¿Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¡®ÆòµîÇÑ Àΰ£(¾Æ·¡)¡¯ÀÇ ÇÕÀÇ·Î½á ¿Ã¶ó¿Â °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ¿´À» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±³È²ÀÇ ±Ç·ÂÁ¶Â÷ ºÎÀÎÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. Åä¸Ó½º È©½º¿Í ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¸¸³ª±âµµ Çß´ø °¥¸±·¹¿À °¥¸±·¹ÀÌ(Galileo Galilei)°¡ Áöµ¿¼³À» ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù´Â ÀÌÀ¯·Î °¡Åà ¿¬±Ý(1633)¿¡ óÇØÁö°í, ±×ÀÇ ¸ðµç Ã¥ÀÌ ±Ý¼·Î ÁöÁ¤µÇ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» °¨¾ÈÇϸé È©½ºÀÇ »ç»óÀº ±×¾ß¸»·Î ¸ñ¼ûÀ» °Ç °ÍÀ̾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ±× ¶ÇÇÑ °¥¸±·¹ÀÌó·³ Á¾±³ ÀçÆÇÀ» µÎ·Á¿öÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ¸®¹ÙÀ̾î´ø(Leviathan)(1651) Ãâ°£ ÀüÀ̱â´Â ÇÏÁö¸¸ ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¿µ±¹¿¡¼ ÇÁ¶û½º Æĸ®·Î ÇdzÀ» °¡ 11³â°£ ¸Ó¹° ±âµµ ÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. Å׸¶¿©Çà½Å¹® TTN Korea ¿µ¾î°íÀü(English Classics)°ú ÇÔ²² ¾îÁ¦µµ, ¿À´Ãµµ, ³»Àϵµ ¸ÚÁø ¹®Çп©ÇàÀ»! B
¡°Whatsoever therefore is consequent to a time of war, where every man is enemy to every man, the same consequent to the time wherein men live without other security than what their own strength and their own invention shall furnish them withal. In such condition there is no place for industry... no knowledge of the face of the earth; no account of time; no arts; no letters; no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.¡± ¡°±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¿ø¼öÀÎ ÀüÀïÀÌ ÀϾ ¶§¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î, ÀÚ±â Èû°ú Àڱ⠹߸íÇ°ÀÌ ±×µé¿¡°Ô ¹«¾ùÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ´ÂÁö ´Ù¸¥ ¾ÈÀüÀåÄ¡ ¾øÀÌ »ç´Â ½Ã´ë°¡ ¿Ã °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×·± »óŶó¸é ¾î¶² »ê¾÷µµ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÕ´Ï´Ù¡¦. ¶¥ÀÇ ¾ó±¼À» ¾ËÁö ¸øÇϸç, ¼¼¿ùÀ» Çì¾Æ¸®Áö ¸øÇÏ°í, ±ÛÀÚµµ ¾ø°í, »çȸµµ ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÃÖ¾ÇÀÎ °ÍÀº °è¼ÓµÇ´Â µÎ·Á¿ò°ú ³ÆøÇÑ Á×À½ÀÇ À§Çè¿¡ ½Ã´Þ·Á¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×·± Àΰ£ÀÇ »îÀÇ »îÀº °íµ¶ÇÏ°í, °¡³ÇÏ°í, °í¾àÇÏ°í, ÀÜÀÎÇÏ°í, ª½À´Ï´Ù.¡±
È£ºñÁò(Hobbism)°ú È£ºñ½ºÆ®(Hobbist) : È£ºñÁò(Hobbism)Àº 1Â÷ÀûÀ¸·Î´Â ¡®Åä¸Ó½º È©½ºÀÇ »ç»ó(the philosophical system of Thomas Hobbes)¡¯À» ¶æÇÏÁö¸¸, ´ç´ëÀÇ ¿¤¸®Æ®´Â À̸¦ ½ÅÀÇ Á¸À縦 ºÎÁ¤ÇÑ ¹«½Å·Ð°ú »çȸ°è¾à·Ð¿¡ ÀÇ°ÅÇÑ Àý´ë±ºÁÖ·ÐÀ¸·Î ¿©°å½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ ¶§¹®¿¡ ¿Õ±Ç½Å¼ö¼³À» ÃßÁ¾ÇÏ´Â ¿Õ´çÆÄ¿Í Àý´ë±ºÁÖ·ÐÀ» ºÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ÀÇȸÆķκÎÅÍ µ¿½Ã¿¡ ºñ³À» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù´Â¡¦. È£ºñÁò(Hobbism)Àº ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ±Ç·ÂÀÚ¿Í Á¾±³ÀÎÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ´Â °ÇÑ ¹Ý¹ßÀ» ºÒ·¯ ÀÏÀ¸Ä×À¸³ª, µ¿½Ã¿¡ ±×ÀÇ Çõ¸íÀûÀÎ »ç»ó¿¡ ¿±¤ÇÏ´Â ÃßÁ¾ÀÚ ¶ÇÇÑ ÀûÁö ¾Ê¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù. ±×ÀÇ »ç»ó È£ºñÁò(Hobbism)À» ÁöÁöÇÏ´Â À̵éÀ» ÀÏÄ´ À̵éÀ» È£ºñ½ºÆ®(Hobbist)¶ó ºÒ·¶½À´Ï´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯·Î Ä¡¸é Á¤Ä¡ÀÎÀ̳ª ÀÛ°¡ÀÇ ÆÒŬ·´¿¡ ºñÀ¯ÇÒ ¼ö Àְڳ׿ä.
¡°To this war of every man against every man, this also in consequent; that nothing can be unjust. The notions of right and wrong, justice and injustice have there no place. Where there is no common power, there is no law, where no law, no injustice. Force, and fraud, are in war the cardinal virtues.¡± ¡°¸¸ÀÎÀÌ ¸¸Àο¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ÅõÀïÇÑ ÀüÀïµµ ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î Á¤ÀÇ·ÓÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. ¿Ç°í ±×¸§, Á¤ÀÇ¿Í ºÒÀÇÀÇ °ü³äÀº ¼³ ÀÚ¸®°¡ ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. °øµ¿ÀÇ ÈûÀÌ ¾ø´Â °÷¿¡´Â ¹ýµµ ¾ø°í, ¹ýµµ ¾ø´Â °÷¿¡´Â ºÒÀǵµ Á¸ÀçÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÀüÀï¿¡¼´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ Èû°ú »ç±â¸¸ÀÌ °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ´ö¸ñÀÏ µû¸§ÀÔ´Ï´Ù."
3´ë »çȸ°è¾à·ÐÀÚ(ÞäüåÌøå³Öåíº) : Åä¸Ó½º È©½º´Â ÀÚ¿¬ »óÅ¿¡¼ÀÇ Àΰ£Àº bellum omnium contra omnes, Áï ¸¸ÀÎÀÇ ¸¸ÀÎÀ» À§ÇÑ ÅõÀï »óÅÂ(war of all against all)¶ó°í ÀüÁ¦ÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. À̸¦ ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀ¸·Î ÇØ°áÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¸¸ÀÎÀÇ µ¿ÀÇÇÏ¿¡ ±Ç·ÂÀ» Áã´Â ÀÚ°¡ ¹Ù·Î ¿ÕÀ̶õ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÀÌ´Â ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ¿Õ±Ç½Å¼ö¼³À» ºÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â Çõ¸íÀûÀÎ »ç»óÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Åä¸Ó½º È©½º°¡ Á¦½ÃÇÑ »çȸ°è¾à·Ð(ÞäüåÌøå³Öå, Theory of Social Contract)Àº ÀÌÈÄ °°Àº À×±Û·£µå ¿Õ±¹ Ãâ½ÅÀÇ Á¸ ·ÎÅ©(John Locke)(1632~1704)¿Í ÇÁ¶û½º ÀåÀÚÅ© ·ç¼Ò(Jean-Jacques Rousseau)(1712~1778)¸¦ °ÅÄ¡¸ç ´Ùµë¾îÁ³°í, Çö´ëÀÇ Á¤Ä¡ öÇаú ¹ý»ç»ó¿¡±îÁö Áö´ëÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÃƽÀ´Ï´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯ ¼¼ ¸íÀÇ »ç»ó°¡¸¦ ¡®3´ë »çȸ°è¾à·ÐÀÚ(ÞäüåÌøå³Öåíº)¡¯¶ó°í ºÎ¸¨´Ï´Ù.
¡°The condition of man... is a condition of war of everyone against everyone.¡± "Àΰ£ÀÇ Á¶°Ç... Àº ¸¸ÀÎÀÌ ¸¸Àΰú ÅõÀïÇÏ´Â ÀüÀïÀÇ Á¶°Ç°ú °°½À´Ï´Ù.¡±
-¸ñÂ÷(Index)-
ÇÁ·Ñ·Î±×(Prologue). Å׸¶¿©Çà½Å¹® TTN Korea ¿µ¾î°íÀü(English Classics) 101¼±À» Àоî¾ß ÇÏ´Â 7°¡Áö ÀÌÀ¯
7°¡Áö Å°¿öµå·Î Àд Åä¸Ó½º È©½º(Thomas Hobbes) by Á¶¸íÈ ÆíÁýÀå
01. ¿µ±¹ÀÇ ±Ù´ë öÇÐÀÚÀÌÀÚ, ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ¹ÎÁÖÀû »çȸ°è¾à·ÐÀÚ(1588~1679)
02. ¸®¹ÙÀ̾î´ø(Leviathan)(1651)
03. È£ºñÁò(Hobbism)°ú È£ºñ½ºÆ®(Hobbist)
04. 3´ë »çȸ°è¾à·ÐÀÚ(ÞäüåÌøå³Öåíº) : È©½º, ·ÎÅ©, ·ç¼Ò
05. Åä¸Ó½º È©½º(Thomas Hobbes)¸¦ ¸¸³ª´Â Àå¼Ò TOP4
06. ¿Àµð¿ÀºÏ(Audio Books)À¸·Î µè´Â Åä¸Ó½º È©½º(Thomas Hobbes)
07. Åä¸Ó½º È©½º(Thomas Hobbes) ¾î·Ï(Quotes)(25)
Åä¸Ó½º È©½ºÀÇ ¸®¹ÙÀ̾î´ø(Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes)(1651)
To My Most Honor'd Friend Mr. Francis Godolphin of Godolphin
The Introduction
Part 1. Of Man
I. Of Sense
II. Of Imagination
III. Of the Consequence or Train of Imaginations
IV. Of Speech
V. Of Reason and Science
VI. Of the Interior Beginnings of Voluntary Motions, Commonly Called the Passions; and the Speeches by Which They Are Expressed
VII. Of the Ends, or Resolutions of Discourse
VIII. Of the Virtues Commonly Called Intellectual, and Their Contrary Defects
IX. Of the Several Subjects of Knowledge
X. Of Power, Worth, Dignity, Honour, and Worthiness
XI. Of the Difference of Manners
XII. Of Religion
XIII. Of the Natural Condition of Mankind as Concerning Their Felicity and Misery
XIV. Of the First and Second Natural Laws, and of Contracts
XV. Of Other Laws of Nature
XVI. Of Persons, Authors, and Things Personated
Part II. Of Commonwealth
XVII. Of the Causes, Generation, and Definition of a Commonwealth
XVIII. Of the Rights of Soveraignes by Institution
XIX. Of the severall Kinds of Common-wealth by Institution, and of Succession to the Soveraigne Power
XX. Of Dominion Paternall, and Despoticall
XXI. Of the Liberty of Subjects
XXII. Of Systems Subject, Politicall, and Private
XXIII. Of the Publique Ministers of Soveraign Power
XXIV. Of the Nutrition, and Procreation of a Common-Wealth
XXV. Of Counsell
XXVI. Of Civill Lawes
XXVII. Of Crimes, Excuses, and Extenuations
XXVIII. Of Punishments, and Rewards
XXIX. Of those things that Weaken, or tend to the Dissolution of a Common-Wealth
XXX. Of the Office of the Sovereign Representative
XXXI. Of the Kingdom of God by Nature
Part III. Of a Christian Common-Wealth
XXXII. Of the Principles of Christian Politiques
XXXIII. Of the Number, Antiquity, Scope, Authority, and Interpreters of the Books of Holy Scripture
XXXIV. Of the Signification of Sprit, Angel, and Inspiration in the Books of Holy Scripture
XXXV. Of the Signification in Scripture of Kingdome of God, of Holy, Sacred, and Sacrament
XXXVI. Of the Word of God, and of Prophets
XXXVII. Of Miracles and their Use
XXXVIII. Of the Signification in Scripture of Eternal Life, Hell, Salvation, the World to Come, and Redemption
XXXIX. Of the Signification in Scripture of the Word Church
XL. Of the Rights of the Kingdom of God, in Abraham, Moses, the High - Priests, and the Kings Of Judah
XLI. Of The Office Of Our Blessed Saviour
XLII. Of Power Ecclesiasticall
XLIII. Of what is Necessary for a Man's Reception into the Kingdom of Heaven
Part IV. Of the Kingdom of Darkness
XLIV. Of Spiritual Darkness from Misinterpretation of Scripture
XLV. Of Daemonology, and other Reliques of the Religion of the Gentiles
XLVI. Of Darknesse from Vain Philosophy, and Fabulous Traditions
XLVII. Of the Benefit that proceedeth from such Darknesse, and to whom it Accreweth
A Review, and Conclusion
ºÎ·Ï(Appendix). ¼¼°èÀÇ °íÀüÀ» ¿©ÇàÇÏ´Â È÷Ä¡ÇÏÀÌÄ¿¸¦ À§ÇÑ ¾È³»¼(The Hitchhiker's Guide to Worlds¡¯s Classics)
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Åä¸Ó½º È©½º(Thomas Hobbes)
¡°Homo homini lupus.¡± ¡°Àΰ£Àº Àΰ£¿¡°Ô ´Á´ë´Ù.¡±
¿µ±¹ÀÇ ±Ù´ë öÇÐÀÚÀÌÀÚ, ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ¹ÎÁÖÀû »çȸ°è¾à·ÐÀÚ(1588~1679) : 1588³â ¿µ±¹ Åä¸Ó½º È©½º(Thomas Hobbes)´Â À×±Û·£µå ¿Õ±¹(Kingdom of England)(927~1707) ¼³²ºÎ ¸ô¸á½ºº£¸®(Malmesbury)ÀÇ ÀÛÀº ½Ã°ñ¸¶À» ¿þ½ºÆ®Æ÷Æ®(Westport)¿¡¼ ž½À´Ï´Ù. ±×°¡ È°µ¿ÇÑ ½Ã±â´Â À×±Û·£µå ¿Õ±¹(Kingdom of England)ÀÌ ÀüÁ¦±ºÁÖÁ¦(îöð¤ÏÖñ«ð¤, despotic monarchy)(~1215)¸¦ Áö³ª, ÁØÀÔÇ屺ÁÖÁ¦(1215~1689)¿´´ø ½Ã±â·Î ÀÔÇ屺ÁÖÁ¦(Ø¡úÊÏÖñ«ð¤)(1689~)´Â ±×°¡ »ç¸ÁÇÏ°í 11³â ÈÄ¿¡¾ß ½ÃÀ۵˴ϴÙ. À×±Û·£µå ¿Õ±¹Àº Áö¿ªÀûÀ¸·Îµµ ÇöÀçÀÇ ¿µ±¹ ÁßºÎ¿Í ³²ºÎ¿¡ ±¹ÇѵǸç, ÇöÀçÀÇ ¿þÀϽº(Wales)¿Í À×±Û·£µå(England)°¡ ÀÌ¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
±×°¡ ÅÂ¾î³ 1588³âÀº ÇÕ½ººÎ¸£Å© ½ºÆäÀÎ(Monarquía Hispánica)ÀÇ ¹«ÀûÇÔ´ë(Armada Invencible)°¡ À×±Û·£µå-½ºÆäÀÎ ÀüÀï(Anglo-Spanish War)(1585~1604)À» ¹úÀÌ´ø ½Ã±â·Î, ±×µéÀÌ À×±Û·£µå ¿Õ±¹À» ħ°øÇÑ´Ù´Â ¼Ò½ÄÀ» µéÀº ±×ÀÇ ¾î¸Ó´Ï´Â ±ô¦ ³î¶ó Á¶»êÀ» ÇÏ°í ¸»¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù. ¸¶Ä¡ Á¶¼±ÀÇ ÇѸíȸ(ùÛÙ¥üè)ó·³ ¼® ´Þ ¸ÕÀú ¼¼»ó¿¡ ³ Ä¥»èµÕÀÌ Åä¸Ó½º È©½º´Â Èʳ¯ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ À§Æ® ÀÖ´Â ¾î·ÏÀ» ³²°å½À´Ï´Ù. "my mother gave birth to twins: myself and fear.¡± "¿ì¸® ¾î¸Ó´Ï´Â ½ÖµÕÀ̸¦ ³º¾Ò´Âµ¥, ¹Ù·Î ³ª ÀڽŰú µÎ·Á¿òÀ̾ú´Ù." ±¹³»¿¡¼´Â ÈçÈ÷ ¡®³ª´Â °øÆ÷¿Í ½ÖµÕÀ̷Πž´Ù.¡¯·Î ¿Å±é´Ï´Ù.
Á¦´ë·Î °øºÎÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ Åä¸Ó½º È©½ºÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö(Thomas Sr.)´Â Á¦´ë·Î °¡Á¤À» µ¹º¸Áö ¸øÇßÀ¸³ª, Åä¸Ó½º È©½º´Â ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ Àå°© ÀåÀÎ(glove manufacturer) »ïÃÌÀÇ Áö¿øÀ¸·Î Á¦´ë·Î Çо÷À» ½×À» ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. 4»ì ¶§ºÎÅÍ ´Ù´Ñ ¿þ½ºÆ®Æ÷Æ® ±³È¸(Westport church)¸¦ ½ÃÀÛÀ¸·Î ¸»¸ÞÁ¸® Çб³(Malmesbury school)¿Í ¸í¹®´ë Ãâ½ÅÀÇ ±³»ç°¡ ¼³¸³ÇÑ »ç¸³Çб³(private school)¸¦ °ÅÃÄ ¸¶µé¸° ´ëÇÐ(Magdalen Hall)(1601~1602)¿¡ ÁøÇÐÇß°í, ÄÉÀӺ긮Áö ¼¼ÀÎÆ®Á¸½º Ä®¸®Áö(St John's College, Cambridge)(~1608)¿¡¼ Çл縦 ÃëµæÇß½À´Ï´Ù. ¸¶µé¸° ´ëÇÐ(Magdalen Hall)Àº ÇöÀç ¿µ±¹À» ´ëÇ¥ÇÏ´Â ¿Á½ºÆÛµå ´ëÇÐ(Oxford University)ÀÇ ÀϺÎÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
Á¹¾÷ ÈÄ Àª¸®¾ö ij¹øµð½Ã(William Cavendish)ÀÇ ¾Æµé Àª¸®¾ö(William)ÀÇ °¡Á¤±³»ç·Î ±Ù¹«Çϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, Åä¸Ó½º È©½ºÀÇ ÀÏ»ý µ¿¾È ij¹øµð½Ã °¡¹®(Cavendish)Àº ±×ÀÇ Çй®Àû ÁöÁöÀÚÀÌÀÚ ÈÄ¿øÀÚ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. º£³×Ä¡¾ÆÀÇ Ç®°ÕÁö¿À ¹ÌÄÁö¿À(Fulgenzio Micanzio), º¥ Á¸½¼(Ben Jonson), ÇÁ¶õ½Ã½º º£ÀÌÄÁ(Francis Bacon) µî Åä¸Ó½º È©½º°¡ À¯·´À» ¿©ÇàÇϸç, ´ç´ëÀÇ ÇÐÀÚ, Á¤Ä¡ÀÎ, öÇÐÀÚµé°ú ±³·ùÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´ø °ÍÀº Àª¸®¾öÀÇ ±×·£µå Åõ¾î(grand tour)(1610~1615)¿¡ ÀÎ¼Ö ±³»ç·Î Âü°¡ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ½×Àº ±³ºÐ ´öºÐÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
¡°If men are naturally in a state of war, why do they always carry arms and why do they have keys to lock their doors?¡± "¸¸¾à »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÚ¿¬È÷ ÀüÀï »óÅ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ¿Ö ±×µéÀº Ç×»ó ¹«±â¸¦ µé°í ´Ù´Ï¸ç, ¿Ö ¹®À» Àá±Û ¿¼è¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ»±î¿ä?¡±
Åä¸Ó½º È©½º´Â ij¹øµð½Ã °¡¹®(Cavendish)ÀÇ °¡Á¤±³»ç·Î ¿À·§µ¿¾È ±Ù¹«Çϸç, 1630³âºÎÅÍ 37³â±îÁö ÇÁ¶û½º Æĸ®¿¡ ü·ùÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ÇÁ¶û½º¿¡¼ È©½º´Â ÇÇ·»Ã¼(Florence)ÀÇ °¥¸±·¹¿À °¥¸±·¹ÀÌ(Galileo Galilei)¿Í 1636³â ¸¸³ °ÍÀ» ºñ·ÔÇØ ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ½ÅÇаú ¹°¸®ÇÐ, Àΰ£¿¡ °üÇÑ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀ» ¼÷¼º½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®½º, ¿µ¾î, ¶óƾ¾î¿¡ ´ÉÇÑ Åä¸Ó½º È©½º´Â ÅõÅ°µðµ¥½º(Thucydides)ÀÇ Æç·ÎÆù³×¼Ò½º ÀüÀï»ç(History of the Peloponnesian War)(1628) ¹ø¿ªÀ» ½ÃÀÛÀ¸·Î ÁýÇÊ È°µ¿À» ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. 1637³â ´Ù½Ã °í±¹À¸·Î µ¹¾Æ¿ÔÀ¸³ª, Á¤½ÄÀ¸·Î Ãâ°£ÇÏÁöµµ ¾ÊÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ³í¹® ¹ý·ü, ÀÚ¿¬, Á¤Ä¡ÀÇ ¿ä¼Ò(The Elements of Law, Natural and Politic)(1640)°¡ ³í¶õÀÌ µÇÀÚ, ´Ù½Ã ÇÁ¶û½º Æĸ®·Î ÇǽÅÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. È©½ºÀÇ ¸í¼º¿¡ ±â´ë¾î ÇØ´ç ³í¹®Àº 10³â ÈÄÀÎ 1650³â¿¡¾ß ±×°Íµµ ÇØÀûÆÇÀ¸·Î Ãâ°£µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.
¡°Covenants, without the sword, are but words and of no strength to secure a man at all.¡± ¡°°ËÀÌ ¾ø´Â ±Ô¾àÀº ¸»»ÓÀÌ¿ä, »ç¶÷À» ±¸ÇÒ ÈûÀÌ ÀüÇô ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù.¡±
¿Õ´çÆÄ¿Í ÀÇȸÆÄ°¡ ÀÏÀ¸Å² À×±Û·£µå ³»Àü(English Civil War)(1642~1651)ÀÇ ¹ß¹ß·Î À×±Û·£µå ¿Õ±¹ Àüü°¡ ÀüÈ¿¡ ÈÛ½ÎÀÌ°í, ³»Àü¿¡¼ ÆйèÇÑ Âû½º 1¼¼(Charles I)ÀÇ Âü¼ö(1649)·Î È¥¶õ½º·¯¿î ½Ã±â¡¦¡¦. µåµð¾î Å丶½º È©½ºÀÇ ´ëÇ¥ÀÛ ¸®¹ÙÀ̾î´ø(Leviathan)(1651)ÀÌ Ãâ°£µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. Çõ¸íÀûÀÎ »ç»óÀ» ´ãÀº ±×ÀÇ Àú¼´Â È£ºñÁò(Hobbism)À̶õ ½ÅÁ¶¾î°¡ ź»ýÇÒ Á¤µµ·Î ¶ß°Å¿î ³í¶õÀÇ µµÈ¼±À» ´ç°å½À´Ï´Ù! ¿Ã¸®¹ö Å©·ÒÀ£(Oliver Cromwell)ÀÇ È£±¹°æ Á¤Ä¡(The Protectorate)(1653~1658)°¡ ½ÃÀÛµÈ °¡¿îµ¥, 1666³â ÇÏ¿øÀº ±×ÀÇ Àú¼¸¦ °Ü³ÉÇÑ ±ÔÁ¦ ¹ý¾ÈÀ» Á¦ÃâÇÏ¿´°í, È©½º´Â ¿µ±¹¿¡¼ ÃâÆÇ È°µ¿À» ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°Ô µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª »õ·Î¿î »ç»ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À¯·´ÀεéÀÇ °ü½ÉÀº ¶ß°Å¿ü°í, È©½º´Â ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ¡®¿µ±¹ ¹Û¿¡¼ ´õ À¯¸íÇÑ ¿µ±¹ Á¤Ä¡ öÇа¡ÀÌÀÚ »ç»ó°¡¡¯·Î Ãß¾Ó¹Þ¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù.
¡°Life is nasty, brutish, and short¡± "ÀλýÀº °í¾àÇÏ°í ÀÜÀÎÇϸç ª½À´Ï´Ù.¡±
È©½º´Â ¿ª»ç, Á¤Ä¡, ¹ýÇÐÀº ¹°·Ð ±âÇÏÇÐ, ¹°¸®ÇÐ µîÀÇ °úÇÐ ºÐ¾ß¿Í ½ÅÇÐ, À±¸®ÇбîÁö ´Ù¾çÇÑ ºÐ¾ß¿¡ °ü½ÉÀÌ ¸¹¾Ò°í, »çÈÄ¿¡ Ãâ°£µÈ ¹Ì¿Ï¼º ¿ø°í±îÁö 50¿© ÆíÀÇ ³í¹®, ¹ø¿ª¼, ´ëÈÁý µîÀ» Ãâ°£ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, 1679³â¿¡´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¶óƾ¾î ÀÚ¼Àü(Latin autobiography)±îÁö Á÷Á¢ ½è½À´Ï´Ù. ¸»³â¿¡´Â Á¤Ä¡¿Í ¹«°üÇÑ – È£¸Þ·Î½ºÀÇ Àϸ®¾Æµå¿Í ¿Àµð¼¼ÀÌ(Homer's Iliad and Odyssey)¸¦ ¿µ¾î·Î ¿Å°åÀ¸¸ç(1673), 1679³â ¹«·Á 91¼¼ÀÇ ³ªÀÌ·Î »ç¸ÁÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. Ä¥»èµÕÀÌ·Î ÅÂ¾î³ Åä¸Ó½º È©½º°¡ ¹«·Á 91¼¼±îÁö Àå¼öÇÑ °ÍÀº Áö±Ý ºÁµµ ³î¶ó¿î ÀÏÀÌ ¾Æ´Ò ¼ö ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. »çÈÄ¿¡´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¸ð½Å Àª¸®¾ö ij¹øµð½Ã(William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Devonshire)ÀÇ ¾Æ³» ¾Ø Å°±Û¸®(Anne Keighley)°¡ ¾ÈÀåµÈ ¹Ù ÀÖ´Â ¼º ¿äÇÑÀÇ Ä§·Ê±³È¸(St John the Baptist's Church)¿¡ Àáµé¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.
¡°Now I am about to take my last voyage, a great leap in the dark¡± "ÀÌÁ¦ ¸¶Áö¸· Ç×Çظ¦ ¾ÕµÎ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ¾îµÒ ¼Ó¿¡¼ Å« µµ¾àÀ» ÇÒ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù.¡±