ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö(Father of Liberalism) : Á¸ ·ÎÅ©´Â ¡®Å¾¸é¼ºÎÅÍ Àΰ£¿¡°Ô ´ç¿¬È÷ ÁÖ¾îÁö´Â ÀÚ¿¬±Ç(í»æÔÏí)¡¯À» ÁöÅ°±â À§ÇØ ¡®Àΰ£ÀÇ ÁýÇÕü¡¯ ±¹°¡(ÏÐÊ«)°¡ ź»ýÇÏ¿´´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. Àΰ£ °³ÀÎÀº ¿ÜºÎÀÇ À§ÇùÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾ÈÀüÀ» ÁöÅ°±â ¾î·Á¿ì¹Ç·Î, »çȸ °è¾à·Ð(social contract theory)¿¡ ÀÇ°ÅÇØ ±¹°¡°¡ Çü¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù´Â ÀÌ·ÐÀº ¡®¿ÕÀÌ ½ÅÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Àΰ£À» ´Ù½º¸± ±Ç¸®¸¦ ºÎ¿©¹Þ¾Ò´Ù¡¯´Â ¿Õ±Ç½Å¼ö¼³(èÝÏíãêâ£àã, Divine Right of Kings)°ú »ó¹ÝµË´Ï´Ù. Á¸ ·ÎÅ©ÀÇ »çȸ °è¾à·Ð(social contract theory)Àº ÀÌÈÄ 1789³â ÇÁ¶û½ºÀÇ Àΰ£°ú ½Ã¹ÎÀÇ ±Ç¸®¼±¾ð(Déclaration des droits de l'Homme et du citoyen), 1948³â UNÀÇ ¼¼°è À뱂 ¼±¾ð(á¦Í£ìÑÏíà¾åë, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UDHR), ¹Ì±¹ µ¶¸³¼±¾ð(Ú¸ÏÐԼءà¾åë, United States Declaration of Independence)(1776)°ú ¹Ì±¹ Çå¹ý(Constitution of the United States) µî¿¡ Á÷°£Á¢ÀûÀÎ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÃƽÀ´Ï´Ù. ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö(Father of Liberalism)¶õ ȣĪÀÌ Á¸ ·ÎÅ©¿¡°Ô ºÙ¿©Áø ÀÌÀ¯°¡ ¿©±â¿¡ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. Å׸¶¿©Çà½Å¹® TTN Korea ¿µ¾î°íÀü(English Classics)°ú ÇÔ²² ¾îÁ¦µµ, ¿À´Ãµµ, ³»Àϵµ ¸ÚÁø ¹®Çп©ÇàÀ»! B
°ü¿ë¿¡ °üÇÑ ÆíÁö(A Letter Concerning Toleration)(1689) : Á¸ ·ÎÅ©´Â 1683³â ¿µ±¹ Âû½º 2¼¼(Charles II)(1630~1685)¿Í ¿äÅ© °øÀÛ(Duke of York) Á¦ÀÓ½º(James II of England)(1633~1701)¸¦ ¾Ï»ìÇÏ·Á´Â ¶óÀÌ ÇϿ콺 À½¸ð(Rye House Plot)¿¡ ¿¬·çµÈ ÇøÀÇ·Î ³×´ú¶õµå·Î µµÇÇÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ´ç½Ã ÇÁ¶û½º¿¡¼´Â ·çÀÌ 14¼¼°¡ °³½Å±³¸¦ ź¾ÐÇϱâ À§ÇØ ÆþÅÙºí·Î Ä¢·É(Edict of Fontainebleau)(1685)À» ¹ÝÆ÷ÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥, ÀÌ·Î ÀÎÇØ ¼ö¸¹Àº °³½Å±³ÀεéÀÌ ¿µ±¹°ú ½ºÀ§½º µî ÀÎÁ¢ ±¹°¡·Î ¸Á¸íÀ» ¶°³³´Ï´Ù. À̸¦ º» Á¸ ·ÎÅ©´Â ·Î¸¶°¡Å縯±³È¸ÀÇ ÆøÁ¤¿¡ ºÐ³ëÇÏ¿©, °ü¿ë¿¡ °üÇÑ ÆíÁö(A Letter Concerning Toleration)(1689)¸¦ ÁýÇÊÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ±×´Â Ã¥À» ÅëÇØ Å©°Ô ¼¼ °¡Áö¸¦ ÁÖÀåÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Á¸ ·ÎÅ©ÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀº °ü¿ëÀÇ ´ë»óÀ» ¡®¿µ±¹ ³» û±³µµ¡¯¿¡ ÇÑÁ¤ÇÏ¿´À» »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¿µ±¹ ³» ³ë¿¹´Â ¹Ý´ëÇÏ¿´À¸µÇ ÇØ¿ÜÀÇ ¿µ±¹ÀÎÀÌ ³ë¿¹¸¦ ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ÁöÁöÇÏ´Â µî Áö±ØÈ÷ ÆíÇùÇÑ ÁÖÀåÀ» ÆîÃÆ´Ù´Â ºñÆÇÀ» ¹Þ½À´Ï´Ù.
Earthly judges, the state in particular, and human beings generally, cannot dependably evaluate the truth-claims of competing religious standpoints; Áö»óÀÇ ÀçÆÇ°üµé, ƯÈ÷ ±¹°¡, ±×¸®°í ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î Àΰ£Àº Á¾±³Àû °ßÁö¿¡¼ °æÀïÇÏ´Â Áø½ÇµÈ ÁÖÀåÀ» ½Å·ÚÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. Even if they could, enforcing a single 'true religion' would not have the desired effect, because belief cannot be compelled by violence; ¼³·É ±×µéÀÌ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ÇϳªÀÇ 'ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ Á¾±³'¸¦ °¿äÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÑ È¿°ú¸¦ °ÅµÎÁö ¸øÇÒ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¹ÏÀ½Àº Æø·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °¿äµÉ ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Coercing religious uniformity would lead to more social disorder than allowing diversity. Á¾±³Àû ÅëÀϼºÀ» °¿äÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ´Ù¾ç¼ºÀ» Çã¿ëÇÏ´Â °Íº¸´Ù ´õ ¸¹Àº »çȸÀû ¹«Áú¼¸¦ ÃÊ·¡ÇÒ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
ÅëÄ¡·Ð(Two Treatises of Government)(1689) : ³×´ú¶õµå¿¡ ¸Á¸í ÁßÀÌ´ø Á¸ ·ÎÅ©´Â 1688³â ¸í¿¹Çõ¸í(Ù£çâúÔÙ¤, Glorious Revolution)(1688) ÀÌÈÄ¿¡¾ß ±ÍÇâÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ¸í¿¹Çõ¸íÀº Á¦ÀÓ½º 2¼¼¸¦ ÅðÀ§½ÃÅ°°í, Àª¸®¾ö 3¼¼°¡ ÁïÀ§ÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤¿¡¼ ¡®ÇÇ ÇÑ ¹æ¿ï È긮Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù¡¯ÇÏ¿©, ºÙ¿©Áø À̸§À¸·Î ¡®Çö´ë ¿µ±¹ÀÇ ÀÇȸ ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇÀÇ Ãâ¹ßÁ¡¡¯À¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁý´Ï´Ù. ¸í¿¹Çõ¸í À̵ëÇØ ¿Ï¼ºµÈ ¿µ±¹ÀÇ ±Ç¸®ÀåÀü(Bill of Rights 1689)Àº ¿µ±¹±¹¹ÎÀÌ ±¹¿Õµµ ºÎÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ±Ç¸®¿Í ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ½À» ±ÔÁ¤ÇÑ ¹ý·ü·Î ¿µ±¹ ÇåÁ¤»ç»ó °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ÀÇȸ Á¦Á¤¹ýÀ¸·Î ²ÅÈü´Ï´Ù.
the pretended power of suspending the laws and dispensing with laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal; ÀÇȸÀÇ µ¿ÀÇ ¾øÀÌ ¹ýÀ» Áß´ÜÇÏ°í »ç¹ý ´ç±¹¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¹ýÀ» ÁýÇàÇÏ´Â °¡ÀåµÈ ±Ç·ÂÀº ºÒ¹ýÀÔ´Ï´Ù. levying taxes without grant of Parliament is illegal; ±¹È¸ÀÇ Çã°¡ ¾øÀÌ ¼¼±ÝÀ» ºÎ°úÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ºÒ¹ýÀÔ´Ï´Ù. it is the right of the subjects to petition the king, and prosecutions for such petitioning are illegal; ¿Õ¿¡°Ô û¿øÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ÇÇû±¸ÀÎÀÇ ±Ç¸®À̸ç, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ã»¿ø¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±â¼Ò´Â ºÒ¹ýÀÔ´Ï´Ù. the freedom of speech and debates or proceedings in Parliament ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of Parliament; ÀÇȸ¿¡¼ÀÇ ¾ð·Ð°ú Åä·Ð ¶Ç´Â ÀýÂ÷ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯´Â ÀÇȸ ¹ÛÀÇ ¾î¶² ¹ý¿øÀ̳ª Àå¼Ò¿¡¼ źÇٵǰųª ½É¹®µÇ¾î¼´Â ¾È µË´Ï´Ù. for redress of all grievances, and for the amending, strengthening and preserving of the laws, Parliaments ought to be held frequently. ¸ðµç ºÒ¸¸À» ÇؼÒÇÏ°í, ¹ýÀ» °³Á¤, °È, º¸Á¸Çϱâ À§ÇØ, ÀÇȸ´Â ÀÚÁÖ °³ÃֵǾî¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
Á¸ ·ÎÅ©°¡ ¸í¿¹Çõ¸íÀ» ÀÌ·ÐÀûÀ¸·Î ÁöÁöÇϱâ À§ÇØ ÁýÇÊÇÑ ÅëÄ¡·Ð(Two Treatises of Government)(1689)Àº ÀÌÈÄ ¹Ì±¹°ú ÇÁ¶û½ºÀÇ µ¶¸³°ú Çõ¸í¿¡ ¸·´ëÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ£ Á¤Ä¡Ã¶ÇмÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÃÑ 2ºÎ·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, 1ºÎ¿¡¼´Â ¿Õ±Ç½Å¼ö¼³¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñÆÇÀ», 2ºÎ¿¡¼´Â ÀÚ¿¬±Ç°ú »çȸ°è¾à¼³, Á¤ºÎ¸¦ ¹Ù²Ù´Â ÀúÇ×±Ç(î½ù÷Ïí), ±Ç·Â ºÐ¸³(ÏíÕôÝÂØ¡) µî ±×ÀÇ Á¤Ä¡Ã¶Çп¡ °üÇÑ ÁÖÀåÀ» »ó¼¼ÇÏ°Ô ´ã°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ±¹³»¿¡µµ ¹ø¿ªº»ÀÌ ¿©·µ Ãâ°£µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.
Àΰ£Áö¼º·Ð(An Essay concerning Human Understanding)(1690) : Àΰ£Áö¼º·Ð ȤÀº Àΰ£¿À¼º·ÐÀ¸·Î ¹ø¿ªµÇ´Â Á¸ ·ÎÅ©ÀÇ Àΰ£Áö¼º·Ð(An Essay concerning Human Understanding)(1695)Àº ±×°¡ 1690³â ¹ßÇ¥ÇÑ ´ëÇ¥ÀÛÀ¸·Î, ¡®Àΰ£ÀÇ ÀÎ½Ä ´É·Â¡¯¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×ÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀ» ´ã°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ÃÑ 4ÀåÀÇ Ã¥À» ÅëÇØ Á¸ ·ÎÅ©´Â ¡®Àΰ£Àº Áö½ÄÀ̳ª °ü³ä µîÀ» °®ÃßÁö ¾ÊÀº ¹éÁö »óÅÂ, Àϸí ŸºÒ¶ó ¶ó»ç(Tabula rasa)·Î ž١¯(1Àå)°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ¿©, ±âÁ¸ÀÇ À̼ºÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÇ »ýµæÀû °ü³ä(innate ideas)À» ¹Ý¹ÚÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ŸºÒ¶ó ¶ó»ç(Tabula rasa)¶õ ¡®±ú²ýÇÑ ¼®ÆÇ¡¯, ¡®¾Æ¹« °Íµµ ¾²¿©ÁöÁö ¾ÊÀº ¼®ÆÇ¡¯À̶õ ¶æÀÇ ¶óƾ¾îÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ¡®°ü³äÀ̶õ °æÇè¿¡ ÀÇÇØ »ý±ä´Ù¡¯(2Àå)´Â ÁÖÀåÀ» ÆîÃÆÀ¸¸ç, Èʳ¯ Á¸ ·ÎÅ©´Â ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ¿µ±¹ °æÇè·ÐÀÚ(the first of the British empiricists)¶ó ºÒ¸®°Ô µË´Ï´Ù.
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8°¡Áö Å°¿öµå·Î Àд Á¸ ·ÎÅ©(John Locke) by Á¶¸íÈ ÆíÁýÀå
01. ¿µ±¹ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ °æÇè·ÐÀÚ(the first of the British empiricists), Á¸ ·ÎÅ©(John Locke FRS)(1632~1704)
02. ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö(Father of Liberalism)
03. °ü¿ë¿¡ °üÇÑ ÆíÁö(A Letter Concerning Toleration)(1689)
04. ÅëÄ¡·Ð(Two Treatises of Government)(1689)
05. Àΰ£Áö¼º·Ð(An Essay concerning Human Understanding)(1690)
06. Á¸ ·ÎÅ©(John Locke)¸¦ ¸¸³ª´Â 9°÷
07. ¿Àµð¿ÀºÏ(Audio Books)À¸·Î µè´Â Á¸ ·ÎÅ©(John Locke)
08. Á¸ ·ÎÅ©(John Locke) ¾î·Ï(Quotes)(30)
Á¸ ·ÎÅ©ÀÇ ÅëÄ¡·Ð(Second Treatise of Government by John Locke)(1689)
Preface
Chapter I
Chapter II
Chapter III
Chapter IV
Chapter V
Chapter VI
Chapter VII
Chapter VIII
Chapter IX
Chapter X
Chapter XI
Chapter XII
Chapter XIII
Chapter XIV
Chapter XV
Chapter XVI
Chapter XVII
Chapter XVIII
Chapter XIX
ºÎ·Ï(Appendix). ¼¼°èÀÇ °íÀüÀ» ¿©ÇàÇÏ´Â È÷Ä¡ÇÏÀÌÄ¿¸¦ À§ÇÑ ¾È³»¼(The Hitchhiker's Guide to Worlds¡¯s Classics)
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Á¸ ·ÎÅ©(John Locke)
¿µ±¹ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ °æÇè·ÐÀÚ(the first of the British empiricists), Á¸ ·ÎÅ©(John Locke FRS)(1632~1704) : ¿µ±¹ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ °æÇè·ÐÀÚ(the first of the British empiricists), ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö(Father of Liberalism), »çȸ °è¾à·Ð(social contract theory)°ú ÀνķÐ(ìããÛÖå, Epistemology)ÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀÚ... ¿µ±¹ÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀÚÀÌÀÚ Á¤Ä¡»ç»ó°¡ Á¸ ·ÎÅ©´Â ÀçÆÇ°üµéÀÇ ¼±â(clerk to the Justices) °â º¯È£»ç(attorney) ¾Æ¹öÁö Á¸(John)°ú ¾î¸Ó´Ï ¾Æ±×³×½º Ų(Agnes Keene) »çÀÌ¿¡¼ 1632³â ¿µ±¹ ¼¶¸Ó¼Â¼Å(Somersetshire) ¶óÀ×ÅÏ(Wrington)¿¡¼ µ¶½ÇÇÑ Ã»±³µµ(Puritans) °¡¹®ÀÇ ¾ÆÀ̷Πž½À´Ï´Ù.
¡°To love truth for truth's sake is the principal part of human perfection in this world, and the seed-plot of all other virtues.¡± ¡°Áø¸®¸¦ À§ÇØ Áø¸®¸¦ »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ÀÌ ¼¼»ó¿¡¼ Àΰ£ ¿Ï¼ºÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä ºÎºÐÀÌ°í, ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç ¹Ì´öÀÇ ¾¾¾Ñ ÁٰŸ®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.¡±
1647³â ·±´øÀÇ ¿þ½ºÆ®¹Î½ºÅÍ Çб³(Westminster School)¸¦ °ÅÃÄ, 1652³â ¿Á½ºÆÛµå Å©¶óÀ̽ºÆ® óġ(Christ Church, Oxford)·Î ÁøÇÐÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. 1656³â¿¡´Â Çлç(a bachelor's degree)¸¦, 1658³â¿¡´Â ¼®»ç(a master's degree)¸¦ ÃëµæÇÑ ÈÄ¿¡µµ Çо÷À» À̾°í, 1675³â ÀÇÇÐ Çлç(a bachelor of medicine)¸¦ ÃëµæÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. 1667³âºÎÅÍ ¾Ø¼´Ï ¾Ö½¶¸® ÄíÆÛ(Anthony Ashley Cooper)ÀÇ °³ÀÎ ÁÖÄ¡ÀÇ(personal physician)·Î °í¿ëµÇ¾î ·±´ø ¾×¼ÅÍ ÇϿ콺(Exeter House in London)¿¡¼ ±Ù¹«¸¦ ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù.
¡°Our Business here is not to know all things, but those which concern our conduct.¡± ¡°¿©±â¼ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »ç¾÷Àº ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ¾Æ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Çൿ¿¡ °ü·ÃµÈ °ÍµéÀ» ¾Æ´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù.¡±
Á¦1´ë ¼¨ÇÁÃ÷º£¸® ¹éÀÛ ¾Ø¼´Ï ¾Ö½¶¸® ÄíÆÛ(Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury)(1621~1683)´Â ÈÖ±×´ç(Whig Party)À» â½ÃÇÑ ¿µ±¹ÀÇ Á¤Ä¡°¡·Î½á Á¸ ·ÎÅ©¸¦ °í¿ëÇÑ °í¿ëÁÖÀÌÀÚ, ±×ÀÇ È°µ¿À» ÁöÁöÇÑ µçµçÇÑ ÈÄ¿øÀÚÀ̱⵵ Çß½À´Ï´Ù. Calebe BanksÀÇ ÁÖÄ¡ÀÇ·Î ÇÁ¶û½º¸¦ ´Ù³à¿Â ÈÄ ¾Ö½¶¸®ÀÇ ±ÇÀ¯·Î Àý´ë¿ÕÁ¤¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁÖÀåÀ» ´ãÀº ÅëÄ¡·Ð(Two Treatises of Government)(1689) ÃʾÈÀ» ÁýÇÊÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, Èʳ¯ ±×ÀÇ ÀÚ¿¬±Ç(í»æÔÏí, natural rights)°ú Á¤ºÎ(government)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç»óÀº ÀÌÈÄ ¿µ±¹À» ³Ñ¾î ¼¼°è °¢ÁöÀÇ ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ Á¤ºÎ ¼ö¸³¿¡ ±â¿©ÇÏ°Ô µË´Ï´Ù.
¡°Revolt is the right of the people¡± ¡°¹Ý¶õÀº ±¹¹ÎÀÇ ±Ç¸®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.¡±
Á¸ ·ÎÅ©´Â 1683³â ¿µ±¹ Âû½º 2¼¼(Charles II)(1630~1685)¿Í ¿äÅ© °øÀÛ(Duke of York) Á¦ÀÓ½º(James II of England)(1633~1701)¸¦ ¾Ï»ìÇÏ·Á´Â ¶óÀÌ ÇϿ콺 À½¸ð(Rye House Plot)¿¡ ¿¬·çµÈ ÇøÀÇ·Î ³×´ú¶õµå·Î µµÇÇÇÏ¿´´Ù°¡, ¸í¿¹Çõ¸í(Ù£çâúÔÙ¤, Glorious Revolution)(1688) ÀÌÈÄ¿¡¾ß ±ÍÇâÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ¿ª»ç»ó ¼ö¸¹Àº ¹®ÀεéÀÌ ±×·¯Çßµí Á¸ ·ÎÅ© ¶ÇÇÑ ¸Á¸í ½Ã±â¿¡ ±×ÀÇ ´ëÇ¥ÀÛ °ü¿ë¿¡ °üÇÑ ÆíÁö(A Letter Concerning Toleration)(1689), ÅëÄ¡·Ð(Two Treatises of Government)(1689), Àΰ£Áö¼º·Ð(An Essay concerning Human Understanding)(1695) µîÀ» ±¸»óÇÏ°í, ÁýÇÊÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù.
¡°New opinions are always suspected, and usually opposed, without any other reason but because they are not common.¡± ¡°»õ·Î¿î ÀÇ°ßµéÀº ´Ù¸¥ ÀÌÀ¯ ¾øÀÌ Ç×»ó Àǽɹްí, º¸Åë ¹Ý´ëÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±×°ÍµéÀº ÈçÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.¡±
Á¸ ·ÎÅ©´Â Ä£±¸ ·¹À̵𠸶¼¤(Lady Masham)ÀÇ ÃÊ´ë·Î 1700³âºÎÅÍ ¿ÀÅ×½º(at Otes in Essex)¿¡ ¸Ó¹°·¶°í, 1704³â 72¼¼ÀÇ ³ªÀÌÀÇ µ¶½Å³²À¸·Î »ç¸ÁÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ´Â À×±Û·£µå ¿Õ±¹°ú ½ºÄÚƲ·£µå ¿Õ±¹ÀÌ ÇÕº´ÇÑ 1707³â ¿¬ÇÕ¹ý(Acts of Union 1707)ÀÌ °áÀǵDZâ 3³â ÀüÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
¡°I pretend not to teach, but to inquire; and therefore cannot but confess here again,–that external and internal sensation are the only passages I can find of knowledge to the understanding. These alone, as far as I can discover, are the windows by which light is let into this DARK ROOM. For, methinks, the understanding is not much unlike a closet wholly shut from light, with only some little openings left, to let in external visible resemblances, or ideas of things without: which, would they but stay there, and lie so orderly as to be found upon occasion, it would very much resemble the understanding of a man, in reference to all objects of sight, and the ideas of them.¡± ¡°Àú´Â °¡¸£Ä¡´Â ôÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í Áú¹®Çϴ ôÇÕ´Ï´Ù. µû¶ó¼ ¿©±â¼ ´Ù½Ã °í¹éÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. ¿ÜÀû, ³»Àû °¨°¢¸¸ÀÌ Á¦°¡ ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Áö½Ä¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À¯ÀÏÇÑ Åë·ÎÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Á¦°¡ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÇÑ, À̰͵鸸ÀÌ ÀÌ ¾îµÎ¿î ¹æ¿¡ ºûÀÌ µé¾î¿À´Â â¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Á¦°¡ »ý°¢Çϱ⿡´Â, ±× ÀÌÇØ´Â ´ÜÁö ¾à°£ÀÇ Æ´¸¸ ³²°ÜµÐ ä, ¿ÜºÎÀÇ ´«¿¡ º¸ÀÌ´Â À¯»çÁ¡À̳ª »ç¹°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ý°¢µéÀ» ±×³É µé¿©³õ´Â º®Àå°ú´Â Å©°Ô ´Ù¸£Áö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ´ÜÁö ±×°÷¿¡ ¸Ó¹°±â¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±×¸®°í ¶§¶§·Î ¹ß°ßµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» Á¤µµ·Î Áú¼Á¤¿¬ÇÏ°Ô ³õ¿© ÀÖ´Â, ±×°ÍÀº ¸ðµç °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àΰ£ÀÇ ÀÌÇØ¿Í ¸Å¿ì Èí»çÇÒ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. '½Ã¼±ÀÇ ´ë»ó'°ú '±×µéÀÇ ¾ÆÀ̵ð¾î'°¡ ±×°ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù.¡±