¸¸ÀÎÀÇ ¸¸Àο¡ ´ëÇÑ ÅõÀïÀ» Áß´ÜÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý, ¸®¹ÙÀÌ¾î´ø(Leviathan)(1651) : ¸®¹ÙÀÌ¾î´ø(Leviathan)Àº À¯´ë±³ ½ÅÈ(Judaism)¿¡ µîÀåÇÏ´Â °Å´ëÇÑ ¹Ù´Ù¹ì(sea serpent)À¸·Î È÷ºê¸® ¼º°æ(Hebrew Bible)À» ºñ·ÔÇØ ¿é±â(the Book of Job), ÀÌ»ç¾ß¼(the Book of Isaiah), ¾Æ¸ð½º¼(Book of Amos), ¿¡³ì¼(Book of Enoch) µî¿¡µµ ¾ð±ÞµË´Ï´Ù. ¸®¹ÙÀÌ¾î´ø(Leviathan)ÀÌ µîÀåÇÏ´Â °¡Àå À¯¸íÇÑ ´ë¸ñÀº ¿é±â(the Book of Job) 41Àå¿¡ ¹¦»çµÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î, ¹Ù¾Ë ÇÏ´å ½Å(the god Baal Hadad)ÀÌ ¿¾ °¡³ª¾ÈÀÎ ·Îź(the older Canaanite Lotan)ÀÇ ¸ð½ÀÀ» ÇÑ ¸®¹ÙÀÌ¾î´øÀ» ¹«Â´Â Àå¸éÀÔ´Ï´Ù. »ç½Ç ¼±¸ ½ÅÈ¿¡¼ ¿µ¿õÀÌ ¿ë, °Å´ëÇÑ ¹ì µîÀÇ ±«¼ö(mythical creature)¸¦ ¹«Â´Â °ÍÀº ÈçÇÏ°Ô Ã£¾Æº¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â À̾߱âÁÒ.
È©½º´Â ¡®¿µ¿øÈ÷ Á×Áö ¾Ê´Â ¹Ù´Ù ±«¼ö¡¯ ¸®¹ÙÀÌ¾î´ø(Leviathan)À» ¡®¼ö¸¹Àº Àΰ£µéÀÇ ÁýÇÕü¡¯, Áï ±¹°¡¿¡ ºñÀ¯ÇÏ¿´°í, ±×·¡¼ Ã¥ Á¦¸ñÀ¸·Î äÅÃÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ±×ÀÇ Àΰ£°ú ±¹°¡, ¿Õ°ú Á¾±³¿¡ °üÇÑ »ç»óÀÌ Áý¾àµÈ ¸®¹ÙÀÌ¾î´ø(Leviathan)(1651) ºÎÁ¦´Â '±³È¸ ¹× ½Ã¹ÎÀÇ °øµ¿Ã¼ÀÇ ³»¿ë¡¤ÇüÅ¡¤±Ç·Â(The Matter, Forme and Power of a Common-Wealth Ecclesiastical and Civil)¡¯ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Ã¥ÀÇ Á¦¸ñ¸¸ º¸ÀÚ¸é, »ç»ó¼¶ó±âº¸´Ù´Â »ç½Ç ¡®¿µ¿õÀÌ °Å´ë ±«¼ö¸¦ ¹«Â´Â ÆÇŸÁö À帣¡¯°¡ ¾î¿ï¸®Áö¿ä. ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¸®¹ÙÀÌ¾î´øÀ̶õ Á¦¸ñÀÇ ¼Ò¼³µµ ¿©·µ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. 1651³â Ãâ°£µÈ Ã¥ÀÇ Ç¥Áö¿¡´Â ¼ºÀ» ³»·Á´Ùº¸´Â ¡®°Å´ëÇÑ Àΰø Àΰ£¡¯ÀÌ ¸Ó¸®¿¡ ¿Õ°üÀ» ¾²°í, ¿Þ¼Õ¿¡´Â ¿ÕȦ(èÝûî, scepter)À», ¿À¸¥ ¼Õ¿¡´Â °ËÀ» µé°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ±¹°¡°¡ ¸ðµç °ø¹Î(ÍëÚÅ)À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾çµµ¹ÞÀº ÁöÈֱǰú ±º»ç·ÂÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀºÀ¯ÇÑ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ È©½º´Â ¸ðµç °ø¹Î(ÍëÚÅ)Àº ÀڽŵéÀÌ ÇÕÀÇÇÑ ±Ç·ÂÀÇ À̾çÀÚ¸¦ µû¶ó¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÚ¼¼È÷ º¸¸é ¡®°Å´ëÇÑ Àΰø Àΰ£¡¯Àº ¡®¹«¼öÈ÷ ¸¹Àº Àΰ£µé·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø ÁýÇÕü¡¯·Î ¼¼¹ÐÇÏ°Ô ¹¦»çµÇ¾î ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ¼Ò¿À¸§!!
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¡°Whatsoever therefore is consequent to a time of war, where every man is enemy to every man, the same consequent to the time wherein men live without other security than what their own strength and their own invention shall furnish them withal. In such condition there is no place for industry... no knowledge of the face of the earth; no account of time; no arts; no letters; no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.¡± ¡°±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¿ø¼öÀÎ ÀüÀïÀÌ ÀϾ ¶§¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î, ÀÚ±â Èû°ú Àڱ⠹߸íǰÀÌ ±×µé¿¡°Ô ¹«¾ùÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ´ÂÁö ´Ù¸¥ ¾ÈÀüÀåÄ¡ ¾øÀÌ »ç´Â ½Ã´ë°¡ ¿Ã °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×·± »óŶó¸é ¾î¶² »ê¾÷µµ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÕ´Ï´Ù¡¦. ¶¥ÀÇ ¾ó±¼À» ¾ËÁö ¸øÇϸç, ¼¼¿ùÀ» Çì¾Æ¸®Áö ¸øÇϰí, ±ÛÀÚµµ ¾ø°í, »çȸµµ ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÃÖ¾ÇÀÎ °ÍÀº °è¼ÓµÇ´Â µÎ·Á¿ò°ú ³ÆøÇÑ Á×À½ÀÇ À§Çè¿¡ ½Ã´Þ·Á¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×·± Àΰ£ÀÇ »îÀÇ »îÀº °íµ¶Çϰí, °¡³Çϰí, °í¾àÇϰí, ÀÜÀÎÇϰí, ª½À´Ï´Ù.¡±
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¡°To this war of every man against every man, this also in consequent; that nothing can be unjust. The notions of right and wrong, justice and injustice have there no place. Where there is no common power, there is no law, where no law, no injustice. Force, and fraud, are in war the cardinal virtues.¡± ¡°¸¸ÀÎÀÌ ¸¸Àο¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ÅõÀïÇÑ ÀüÀïµµ ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î Á¤ÀÇ·ÓÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. ¿Ç°í ±×¸§, Á¤ÀÇ¿Í ºÒÀÇÀÇ °ü³äÀº ¼³ ÀÚ¸®°¡ ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. °øµ¿ÀÇ ÈûÀÌ ¾ø´Â °÷¿¡´Â ¹ýµµ ¾ø°í, ¹ýµµ ¾ø´Â °÷¿¡´Â ºÒÀǵµ Á¸ÀçÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÀüÀï¿¡¼´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ Èû°ú »ç±â¸¸ÀÌ °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ´ö¸ñÀÏ µû¸§ÀÔ´Ï´Ù."
3´ë »çȸ°è¾à·ÐÀÚ(ÞäüåÌøå³Öåíº) : Åä¸Ó½º È©½º´Â ÀÚ¿¬ »óÅ¿¡¼ÀÇ Àΰ£Àº bellum omnium contra omnes, Áï ¸¸ÀÎÀÇ ¸¸ÀÎÀ» À§ÇÑ ÅõÀï »óÅÂ(war of all against all)¶ó°í ÀüÁ¦ÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. À̸¦ ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀ¸·Î ÇØ°áÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¸¸ÀÎÀÇ µ¿ÀÇÇÏ¿¡ ±Ç·ÂÀ» Áã´Â ÀÚ°¡ ¹Ù·Î ¿ÕÀ̶õ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÀÌ´Â ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ¿Õ±Ç½Å¼ö¼³À» ºÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â Çõ¸íÀûÀÎ »ç»óÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Åä¸Ó½º È©½º°¡ Á¦½ÃÇÑ »çȸ°è¾à·Ð(ÞäüåÌøå³Öå, Theory of Social Contract)Àº ÀÌÈÄ °°Àº À×±Û·£µå ¿Õ±¹ Ãâ½ÅÀÇ Á¸ ·ÎÅ©(John Locke)(1632~1704)¿Í ÇÁ¶û½º ÀåÀÚÅ© ·ç¼Ò(Jean-Jacques Rousseau)(1712~1778)¸¦ °ÅÄ¡¸ç ´Ùµë¾îÁ³°í, Çö´ëÀÇ Á¤Ä¡ öÇаú ¹ý»ç»ó¿¡±îÁö Áö´ëÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÃÆ½À´Ï´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯ ¼¼ ¸íÀÇ »ç»ó°¡¸¦ ¡®3´ë »çȸ°è¾à·ÐÀÚ(ÞäüåÌøå³Öåíº)¡¯¶ó°í ºÎ¸¨´Ï´Ù.
¡°The condition of man... is a condition of war of everyone against everyone.¡± "Àΰ£ÀÇ Á¶°Ç... Àº ¸¸ÀÎÀÌ ¸¸Àΰú ÅõÀïÇÏ´Â ÀüÀïÀÇ Á¶°Ç°ú °°½À´Ï´Ù.¡±
-¸ñÂ÷(Index)- ÇÁ·Ñ·Î±×(Prologue). Å׸¶¿©Çà½Å¹® TTN Korea ¿µ¾î°íÀü(English Classics) 101¼±À» Àоî¾ß ÇÏ´Â 7°¡Áö ÀÌÀ¯ 7°¡Áö Ű¿öµå·Î Àд Åä¸Ó½º È©½º(Thomas Hobbes) by Á¶¸íÈ ÆíÁýÀå 01. ¿µ±¹ÀÇ ±Ù´ë öÇÐÀÚÀÌÀÚ, ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ¹ÎÁÖÀû »çȸ°è¾à·ÐÀÚ(1588~1679) 02. ¸®¹ÙÀÌ¾î´ø(Leviathan)(1651) 03. È£ºñÁò(Hobbism)°ú È£ºñ½ºÆ®(Hobbist) 04. 3´ë »çȸ°è¾à·ÐÀÚ(ÞäüåÌøå³Öåíº) : È©½º, ·ÎÅ©, ·ç¼Ò 05. Åä¸Ó½º È©½º(Thomas Hobbes)¸¦ ¸¸³ª´Â Àå¼Ò TOP4 06. ¿Àµð¿ÀºÏ(Audio Books)À¸·Î µè´Â Åä¸Ó½º È©½º(Thomas Hobbes) 07. Åä¸Ó½º È©½º(Thomas Hobbes) ¾î·Ï(Quotes)(25) Åä¸Ó½º È©½ºÀÇ ¸®¹ÙÀÌ¾î´ø(Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes)(1651) To My Most Honor'd Friend Mr. Francis Godolphin of Godolphin The Introduction Part 1. Of Man I. Of Sense II. Of Imagination III. Of the Consequence or Train of Imaginations IV. Of Speech V. Of Reason and Science VI. Of the Interior Beginnings of Voluntary Motions, Commonly Called the Passions; and the Speeches by Which They Are Expressed VII. Of the Ends, or Resolutions of Discourse VIII. Of the Virtues Commonly Called Intellectual, and Their Contrary Defects IX. Of the Several Subjects of Knowledge X. Of Power, Worth, Dignity, Honour, and Worthiness XI. Of the Difference of Manners XII. Of Religion XIII. Of the Natural Condition of Mankind as Concerning Their Felicity and Misery XIV. Of the First and Second Natural Laws, and of Contracts XV. Of Other Laws of Nature XVI. Of Persons, Authors, and Things Personated Part II. Of Commonwealth XVII. Of the Causes, Generation, and Definition of a Commonwealth XVIII. Of the Rights of Soveraignes by Institution XIX. Of the severall Kinds of Common-wealth by Institution, and of Succession to the Soveraigne Power XX. Of Dominion Paternall, and Despoticall XXI. Of the Liberty of Subjects XXII. Of Systems Subject, Politicall, and Private XXIII. Of the Publique Ministers of Soveraign Power XXIV. Of the Nutrition, and Procreation of a Common-Wealth XXV. Of Counsell XXVI. Of Civill Lawes XXVII. Of Crimes, Excuses, and Extenuations XXVIII. Of Punishments, and Rewards XXIX. Of those things that Weaken, or tend to the Dissolution of a Common-Wealth XXX. Of the Office of the Sovereign Representative XXXI. Of the Kingdom of God by Nature Part III. Of a Christian Common-Wealth XXXII. Of the Principles of Christian Politiques XXXIII. Of the Number, Antiquity, Scope, Authority, and Interpreters of the Books of Holy Scripture XXXIV. Of the Signification of Sprit, Angel, and Inspiration in the Books of Holy Scripture XXXV. Of the Signification in Scripture of Kingdome of God, of Holy, Sacred, and Sacrament XXXVI. Of the Word of God, and of Prophets XXXVII. Of Miracles and their Use XXXVIII. Of the Signification in Scripture of Eternal Life, Hell, Salvation, the World to Come, and Redemption XXXIX. Of the Signification in Scripture of the Word Church XL. Of the Rights of the Kingdom of God, in Abraham, Moses, the High - Priests, and the Kings Of Judah XLI. Of The Office Of Our Blessed Saviour XLII. Of Power Ecclesiasticall XLIII. Of what is Necessary for a Man's Reception into the Kingdom of Heaven Part IV. Of the Kingdom of Darkness XLIV. Of Spiritual Darkness from Misinterpretation of Scripture XLV. Of Daemonology, and other Reliques of the Religion of the Gentiles XLVI. Of Darknesse from Vain Philosophy, and Fabulous Traditions XLVII. Of the Benefit that proceedeth from such Darknesse, and to whom it Accreweth A Review, and Conclusion ºÎ·Ï(Appendix). ¼¼°èÀÇ °íÀüÀ» ¿©ÇàÇÏ´Â È÷Ä¡ÇÏÀÌÄ¿¸¦ À§ÇÑ ¾È³»¼(The Hitchhiker's Guide to Worlds¡¯s Classics) A01. ÇϹöµå ¼Á¡(Harvard Book Store) Á÷¿ø Ãßõ µµ¼ 100¼±(Staff's Favorite 100 Books) & ÆÇ¸Åµµ¼ 100À§(Top 100 Books) A02. ¼¿ï´ë ±ÇÀåµµ¼ 100 A03. ¿¬¼¼Çʵ¶µµ¼ °íÀü 200¼± A04. °í·Á´ëÇб³ ¼¼Á¾Ä·ÆÛ½º ±ÇÀåµµ¼ 100¼± A05. ¼¿ï´ë, ¿¬¼¼´ë, °í·Á´ë °øÅë ±ÇÀåµµ¼ 60±Ç A06. ¼º±Õ°ü´ëÇб³ ¿À°Å¼(çéó³ßö) ¼º±Õ °íÀü 100¼± A07. °æÈñ´ë Èĸ¶´ÏŸ½º Ä®¸®Áö(Humanitas College) ±³¾çÇʵ¶¼ 100¼± A08. Æ÷½ºÅØ(Æ÷Ç×°ø´ë) ±ÇÀåµµ¼ 100¼± A09. Ä«À̽ºÆ®(KAIST) µ¶¼¸¶Àϸ®ÁöÁ¦ Ãßõµµ¼ 100±Ç A10. ¹®Çлó ¼ö»óÀÛ ¹× Ãßõµµ¼(44) A11. ¿µ¾î°íÀü(English Classics) ¿Àµð¿ÀºÏÀ» ¹«·á·Î µè´Â 5°¡Áö ¹æ¹ý(How to listen to FREE audio Books legally?) A12. ¿µÈ¡¤µå¶ó¸¶·Î ¸¸³ª´Â ¿µ¾î°íÀü(Movies And TV Shows Based on English Classic Books) Á¶¸íÈ ÆíÁýÀåÀÇ ±¹³»ÀÏÁÖ(Korea Round Travel) & ¼¼°èÀÏÁÖ(World Round Travel)(049) Å׸¶¿©Çà½Å¹® TTN Korea ¿µ¾î°íÀü(English Classics) 101¼± Å׸¶¿©Çà½Å¹® TTN Korea µµ¼¸ñ·Ï(954)
Åä¸Ó½º È©½º(Thomas Hobbes)
¡°Homo homini lupus.¡± ¡°Àΰ£Àº Àΰ£¿¡°Ô ´Á´ë´Ù.¡±
¿µ±¹ÀÇ ±Ù´ë öÇÐÀÚÀÌÀÚ, ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ¹ÎÁÖÀû »çȸ°è¾à·ÐÀÚ(1588~1679) : 1588³â ¿µ±¹ Åä¸Ó½º È©½º(Thomas Hobbes)´Â À×±Û·£µå ¿Õ±¹(Kingdom of England)(927~1707) ¼³²ºÎ ¸ô¸á½ºº£¸®(Malmesbury)ÀÇ ÀÛÀº ½Ã°ñ¸¶À» ¿þ½ºÆ®Æ÷Æ®(Westport)¿¡¼ ž½À´Ï´Ù. ±×°¡ Ȱµ¿ÇÑ ½Ã±â´Â À×±Û·£µå ¿Õ±¹(Kingdom of England)ÀÌ ÀüÁ¦±ºÁÖÁ¦(îöð¤ÏÖñ«ð¤, despotic monarchy)(~1215)¸¦ Áö³ª, ÁØÀÔÇ屺ÁÖÁ¦(1215~1689)¿´´ø ½Ã±â·Î ÀÔÇ屺ÁÖÁ¦(Ø¡úÊÏÖñ«ð¤)(1689~)´Â ±×°¡ »ç¸ÁÇϰí 11³â ÈÄ¿¡¾ß ½ÃÀ۵˴ϴÙ. À×±Û·£µå ¿Õ±¹Àº Áö¿ªÀûÀ¸·Îµµ ÇöÀçÀÇ ¿µ±¹ ÁßºÎ¿Í ³²ºÎ¿¡ ±¹ÇѵǸç, ÇöÀçÀÇ ¿þÀϽº(Wales)¿Í À×±Û·£µå(England)°¡ ÀÌ¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
±×°¡ ÅÂ¾î³ 1588³âÀº ÇÕ½ººÎ¸£Å© ½ºÆäÀÎ(Monarquía Hispánica)ÀÇ ¹«ÀûÇÔ´ë(Armada Invencible)°¡ À×±Û·£µå-½ºÆäÀÎ ÀüÀï(Anglo-Spanish War)(1585~1604)À» ¹úÀÌ´ø ½Ã±â·Î, ±×µéÀÌ À×±Û·£µå ¿Õ±¹À» ħ°øÇÑ´Ù´Â ¼Ò½ÄÀ» µéÀº ±×ÀÇ ¾î¸Ó´Ï´Â ±ô¦ ³î¶ó Á¶»êÀ» ÇÏ°í ¸»¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù. ¸¶Ä¡ Á¶¼±ÀÇ ÇѸíȸ(ùÛÙ¥üè)ó·³ ¼® ´Þ ¸ÕÀú ¼¼»ó¿¡ ³ Ä¥»èµÕÀÌ Åä¸Ó½º È©½º´Â Èʳ¯ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ À§Æ® ÀÖ´Â ¾î·ÏÀ» ³²°å½À´Ï´Ù. "my mother gave birth to twins: myself and fear.¡± "¿ì¸® ¾î¸Ó´Ï´Â ½ÖµÕÀ̸¦ ³º¾Ò´Âµ¥, ¹Ù·Î ³ª ÀڽŰú µÎ·Á¿òÀ̾ú´Ù." ±¹³»¿¡¼´Â ÈçÈ÷ ¡®³ª´Â °øÆ÷¿Í ½ÖµÕÀ̷Πž´Ù.¡¯·Î ¿Å±é´Ï´Ù.
Á¦´ë·Î °øºÎÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ Åä¸Ó½º È©½ºÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö(Thomas Sr.)´Â Á¦´ë·Î °¡Á¤À» µ¹º¸Áö ¸øÇßÀ¸³ª, Åä¸Ó½º È©½º´Â ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ Àå°© ÀåÀÎ(glove manufacturer) »ïÃÌÀÇ Áö¿øÀ¸·Î Á¦´ë·Î Çо÷À» ½×À» ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. 4»ì ¶§ºÎÅÍ ´Ù´Ñ ¿þ½ºÆ®Æ÷Æ® ±³È¸(Westport church)¸¦ ½ÃÀÛÀ¸·Î ¸»¸ÞÁ¸® Çб³(Malmesbury school)¿Í ¸í¹®´ë Ãâ½ÅÀÇ ±³»ç°¡ ¼³¸³ÇÑ »ç¸³Çб³(private school)¸¦ °ÅÃÄ ¸¶µé¸° ´ëÇÐ(Magdalen Hall)(1601~1602)¿¡ ÁøÇÐÇß°í, ÄÉÀӺ긮Áö ¼¼ÀÎÆ®Á¸½º Ä®¸®Áö(St John's College, Cambridge)(~1608)¿¡¼ Çл縦 ÃëµæÇß½À´Ï´Ù. ¸¶µé¸° ´ëÇÐ(Magdalen Hall)Àº ÇöÀç ¿µ±¹À» ´ëÇ¥ÇÏ´Â ¿Á½ºÆÛµå ´ëÇÐ(Oxford University)ÀÇ ÀϺÎÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
Á¹¾÷ ÈÄ Àª¸®¾ö ij¹øµð½Ã(William Cavendish)ÀÇ ¾Æµé Àª¸®¾ö(William)ÀÇ °¡Á¤±³»ç·Î ±Ù¹«Çϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, Åä¸Ó½º È©½ºÀÇ ÀÏ»ý µ¿¾È ij¹øµð½Ã °¡¹®(Cavendish)Àº ±×ÀÇ Çй®Àû ÁöÁöÀÚÀÌÀÚ ÈÄ¿øÀÚ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. º£³×Ä¡¾ÆÀÇ Ç®°ÕÁö¿À ¹ÌÄÁö¿À(Fulgenzio Micanzio), º¥ Á¸½¼(Ben Jonson), ÇÁ¶õ½Ã½º º£ÀÌÄÁ(Francis Bacon) µî Åä¸Ó½º È©½º°¡ À¯·´À» ¿©ÇàÇϸç, ´ç´ëÀÇ ÇÐÀÚ, Á¤Ä¡ÀÎ, öÇÐÀÚµé°ú ±³·ùÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´ø °ÍÀº Àª¸®¾öÀÇ ±×·£µå Åõ¾î(grand tour)(1610~1615)¿¡ ÀÎ¼Ö ±³»ç·Î Âü°¡ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ½×Àº ±³ºÐ ´öºÐÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
¡°If men are naturally in a state of war, why do they always carry arms and why do they have keys to lock their doors?¡± "¸¸¾à »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÚ¿¬È÷ ÀüÀï »óÅ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ¿Ö ±×µéÀº Ç×»ó ¹«±â¸¦ µé°í ´Ù´Ï¸ç, ¿Ö ¹®À» Àá±Û ¿¼è¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ»±î¿ä?¡±
Åä¸Ó½º È©½º´Â ij¹øµð½Ã °¡¹®(Cavendish)ÀÇ °¡Á¤±³»ç·Î ¿À·§µ¿¾È ±Ù¹«Çϸç, 1630³âºÎÅÍ 37³â±îÁö ÇÁ¶û½º ÆÄ¸®¿¡ ü·ùÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ÇÁ¶û½º¿¡¼ È©½º´Â ÇÇ·»Ã¼(Florence)ÀÇ °¥¸±·¹¿À °¥¸±·¹ÀÌ(Galileo Galilei)¿Í 1636³â ¸¸³ °ÍÀ» ºñ·ÔÇØ ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ½ÅÇаú ¹°¸®ÇÐ, Àΰ£¿¡ °üÇÑ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀ» ¼÷¼º½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®½º, ¿µ¾î, ¶óƾ¾î¿¡ ´ÉÇÑ Åä¸Ó½º È©½º´Â ÅõŰµðµ¥½º(Thucydides)ÀÇ Æç·ÎÆù³×¼Ò½º ÀüÀï»ç(History of the Peloponnesian War)(1628) ¹ø¿ªÀ» ½ÃÀÛÀ¸·Î ÁýÇÊ È°µ¿À» ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. 1637³â ´Ù½Ã °í±¹À¸·Î µ¹¾Æ¿ÔÀ¸³ª, Á¤½ÄÀ¸·Î Ãâ°£ÇÏÁöµµ ¾ÊÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ³í¹® ¹ý·ü, ÀÚ¿¬, Á¤Ä¡ÀÇ ¿ä¼Ò(The Elements of Law, Natural and Politic)(1640)°¡ ³í¶õÀÌ µÇÀÚ, ´Ù½Ã ÇÁ¶û½º ÆÄ¸®·Î ÇǽÅÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. È©½ºÀÇ ¸í¼º¿¡ ±â´ë¾î ÇØ´ç ³í¹®Àº 10³â ÈÄÀÎ 1650³â¿¡¾ß ±×°Íµµ ÇØÀûÆÇÀ¸·Î Ãâ°£µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.
¡°Covenants, without the sword, are but words and of no strength to secure a man at all.¡± ¡°°ËÀÌ ¾ø´Â ±Ô¾àÀº ¸»»ÓÀÌ¿ä, »ç¶÷À» ±¸ÇÒ ÈûÀÌ ÀüÇô ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù.¡±
¿Õ´çÆÄ¿Í ÀÇȸÆÄ°¡ ÀÏÀ¸Å² À×±Û·£µå ³»Àü(English Civil War)(1642~1651)ÀÇ ¹ß¹ß·Î À×±Û·£µå ¿Õ±¹ Àüü°¡ ÀüÈ¿¡ ÈÛ½ÎÀ̰í, ³»Àü¿¡¼ ÆÐ¹èÇÑ Âû½º 1¼¼(Charles I)ÀÇ Âü¼ö(1649)·Î È¥¶õ½º·¯¿î ½Ã±â¡¦¡¦. µåµð¾î Å丶½º È©½ºÀÇ ´ëÇ¥ÀÛ ¸®¹ÙÀÌ¾î´ø(Leviathan)(1651)ÀÌ Ãâ°£µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. Çõ¸íÀûÀÎ »ç»óÀ» ´ãÀº ±×ÀÇ Àú¼´Â È£ºñÁò(Hobbism)À̶õ ½ÅÁ¶¾î°¡ ź»ýÇÒ Á¤µµ·Î ¶ß°Å¿î ³í¶õÀÇ µµÈ¼±À» ´ç°å½À´Ï´Ù! ¿Ã¸®¹ö Å©·ÒÀ£(Oliver Cromwell)ÀÇ È£±¹°æ Á¤Ä¡(The Protectorate)(1653~1658)°¡ ½ÃÀÛµÈ °¡¿îµ¥, 1666³â ÇÏ¿øÀº ±×ÀÇ Àú¼¸¦ °Ü³ÉÇÑ ±ÔÁ¦ ¹ý¾ÈÀ» Á¦ÃâÇÏ¿´°í, È©½º´Â ¿µ±¹¿¡¼ ÃâÆÇ Ȱµ¿À» ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°Ô µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª »õ·Î¿î »ç»ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À¯·´ÀεéÀÇ °ü½ÉÀº ¶ß°Å¿ü°í, È©½º´Â ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ¡®¿µ±¹ ¹Û¿¡¼ ´õ À¯¸íÇÑ ¿µ±¹ Á¤Ä¡ öÇа¡ÀÌÀÚ »ç»ó°¡¡¯·Î Ãß¾Ó¹Þ¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù.
¡°Life is nasty, brutish, and short¡± "ÀλýÀº °í¾àÇϰí ÀÜÀÎÇϸç ª½À´Ï´Ù.¡±
È©½º´Â ¿ª»ç, Á¤Ä¡, ¹ýÇÐÀº ¹°·Ð ±âÇÏÇÐ, ¹°¸®ÇÐ µîÀÇ °úÇÐ ºÐ¾ß¿Í ½ÅÇÐ, À±¸®ÇбîÁö ´Ù¾çÇÑ ºÐ¾ß¿¡ °ü½ÉÀÌ ¸¹¾Ò°í, »çÈÄ¿¡ Ãâ°£µÈ ¹Ì¿Ï¼º ¿ø°í±îÁö 50¿© ÆíÀÇ ³í¹®, ¹ø¿ª¼, ´ëÈÁý µîÀ» Ãâ°£ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, 1679³â¿¡´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¶óƾ¾î ÀÚ¼Àü(Latin autobiography)±îÁö Á÷Á¢ ½è½À´Ï´Ù. ¸»³â¿¡´Â Á¤Ä¡¿Í ¹«°üÇÑ – È£¸Þ·Î½ºÀÇ Àϸ®¾Æµå¿Í ¿Àµð¼¼ÀÌ(Homer's Iliad and Odyssey)¸¦ ¿µ¾î·Î ¿Å°åÀ¸¸ç(1673), 1679³â ¹«·Á 91¼¼ÀÇ ³ªÀÌ·Î »ç¸ÁÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. Ä¥»èµÕÀÌ·Î ÅÂ¾î³ Åä¸Ó½º È©½º°¡ ¹«·Á 91¼¼±îÁö Àå¼öÇÑ °ÍÀº Áö±Ý ºÁµµ ³î¶ó¿î ÀÏÀÌ ¾Æ´Ò ¼ö ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. »çÈÄ¿¡´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¸ð½Å Àª¸®¾ö ij¹øµð½Ã(William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Devonshire)ÀÇ ¾Æ³» ¾Ø Ű±Û¸®(Anne Keighley)°¡ ¾ÈÀåµÈ ¹Ù ÀÖ´Â ¼º ¿äÇÑÀÇ Ä§·Ê±³È¸(St John the Baptist's Church)¿¡ Àáµé¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.
¡°Now I am about to take my last voyage, a great leap in the dark¡± "ÀÌÁ¦ ¸¶Áö¸· Ç×ÇØ¸¦ ¾ÕµÎ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ¾îµÒ ¼Ó¿¡¼ Å« µµ¾àÀ» ÇÒ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù.¡±
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