¿µ¾î°íÀü056 Åä¸Ó½º È©½ºÀÇ ¸®¹ÙÀÌ¾î´ø(English Classics056 Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes)
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¸¸ÀÎÀÇ ¸¸Àο¡ ´ëÇÑ ÅõÀïÀ» Áß´ÜÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý, ¸®¹ÙÀÌ¾î´ø(Leviathan)(1651) : ¸®¹ÙÀÌ¾î´ø(Leviathan)Àº À¯´ë±³ ½ÅÈ­(Judaism)¿¡ µîÀåÇÏ´Â °Å´ëÇÑ ¹Ù´Ù¹ì(sea serpent)À¸·Î È÷ºê¸® ¼º°æ(Hebrew Bible)À» ºñ·ÔÇØ ¿é±â(the Book of Job), ÀÌ»ç¾ß¼­(the Book of Isaiah), ¾Æ¸ð½º¼­(Book of Amos), ¿¡³ì¼­(Book of Enoch) µî¿¡µµ ¾ð±ÞµË´Ï´Ù. ¸®¹ÙÀÌ¾î´ø(Leviathan)ÀÌ µîÀåÇÏ´Â °¡Àå À¯¸íÇÑ ´ë¸ñÀº ¿é±â(the Book of Job) 41Àå¿¡ ¹¦»çµÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î, ¹Ù¾Ë ÇÏ´å ½Å(the god Baal Hadad)ÀÌ ¿¾ °¡³ª¾ÈÀÎ ·Îź(the older Canaanite Lotan)ÀÇ ¸ð½ÀÀ» ÇÑ ¸®¹ÙÀÌ¾î´øÀ» ¹«Â´Â Àå¸éÀÔ´Ï´Ù. »ç½Ç ¼­±¸ ½ÅÈ­¿¡¼­ ¿µ¿õÀÌ ¿ë, °Å´ëÇÑ ¹ì µîÀÇ ±«¼ö(mythical creature)¸¦ ¹«Â´Â °ÍÀº ÈçÇÏ°Ô Ã£¾Æº¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â À̾߱âÁÒ.

 

È©½º´Â ¡®¿µ¿øÈ÷ Á×Áö ¾Ê´Â ¹Ù´Ù ±«¼ö¡¯ ¸®¹ÙÀÌ¾î´ø(Leviathan)À» ¡®¼ö¸¹Àº Àΰ£µéÀÇ ÁýÇÕü¡¯, Áï ±¹°¡¿¡ ºñÀ¯ÇÏ¿´°í, ±×·¡¼­ Ã¥ Á¦¸ñÀ¸·Î äÅÃÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ±×ÀÇ Àΰ£°ú ±¹°¡, ¿Õ°ú Á¾±³¿¡ °üÇÑ »ç»óÀÌ Áý¾àµÈ ¸®¹ÙÀÌ¾î´ø(Leviathan)(1651) ºÎÁ¦´Â '±³È¸ ¹× ½Ã¹ÎÀÇ °øµ¿Ã¼ÀÇ ³»¿ë¡¤ÇüÅ¡¤±Ç·Â(The Matter, Forme and Power of a Common-Wealth Ecclesiastical and Civil)¡¯ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Ã¥ÀÇ Á¦¸ñ¸¸ º¸ÀÚ¸é, »ç»ó¼­¶ó±âº¸´Ù´Â »ç½Ç ¡®¿µ¿õÀÌ °Å´ë ±«¼ö¸¦ ¹«Â´Â ÆÇŸÁö À帣¡¯°¡ ¾î¿ï¸®Áö¿ä. ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¸®¹ÙÀÌ¾î´øÀ̶õ Á¦¸ñÀÇ ¼Ò¼³µµ ¿©·µ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. 1651³â Ãâ°£µÈ Ã¥ÀÇ Ç¥Áö¿¡´Â ¼ºÀ» ³»·Á´Ùº¸´Â ¡®°Å´ëÇÑ Àΰø Àΰ£¡¯ÀÌ ¸Ó¸®¿¡ ¿Õ°üÀ» ¾²°í, ¿Þ¼Õ¿¡´Â ¿ÕȦ(èÝûî, scepter)À», ¿À¸¥ ¼Õ¿¡´Â °ËÀ» µé°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ±¹°¡°¡ ¸ðµç °ø¹Î(ÍëÚÅ)À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾çµµ¹ÞÀº ÁöÈֱǰú ±º»ç·ÂÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀºÀ¯ÇÑ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ È©½º´Â ¸ðµç °ø¹Î(ÍëÚÅ)Àº ÀڽŵéÀÌ ÇÕÀÇÇÑ ±Ç·ÂÀÇ À̾çÀÚ¸¦ µû¶ó¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÚ¼¼È÷ º¸¸é ¡®°Å´ëÇÑ Àΰø Àΰ£¡¯Àº ¡®¹«¼öÈ÷ ¸¹Àº Àΰ£µé·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø ÁýÇÕü¡¯·Î ¼¼¹ÐÇÏ°Ô ¹¦»çµÇ¾î ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ¼Ò¿À¸§!!

 

È©½º´Â ¸®¹ÙÀÌ¾î´ø(Leviathan)(1651)À» ÅëÇØ ¿Õ±Ç½Å¼ö¼³(èÝÏíãêâ£àã, Divine Right of Kings)ÀÌ ´ë¼¼ÀÌ´ø ´ç½ÃÀÇ »óȲ¿¡¼­ ¡®¿ÕÀÇ ±Ç·Â¡¯ÀÌ ½Å(À§)À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ³»·Á¿Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¡®ÆòµîÇÑ Àΰ£(¾Æ·¡)¡¯ÀÇ ÇÕÀÇ·Î½á ¿Ã¶ó¿Â °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ¿´À» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±³È²ÀÇ ±Ç·ÂÁ¶Â÷ ºÎÀÎÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. Åä¸Ó½º È©½º¿Í ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¸¸³ª±âµµ Çß´ø °¥¸±·¹¿À °¥¸±·¹ÀÌ(Galileo Galilei)°¡ Áöµ¿¼³À» ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù´Â ÀÌÀ¯·Î °¡Åà ¿¬±Ý(1633)¿¡ Ã³ÇØÁö°í, ±×ÀÇ ¸ðµç Ã¥ÀÌ ±Ý¼­·Î ÁöÁ¤µÇ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» °¨¾ÈÇϸé È©½ºÀÇ »ç»óÀº ±×¾ß¸»·Î ¸ñ¼ûÀ» °Ç °ÍÀ̾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ±× ¶ÇÇÑ °¥¸±·¹ÀÌó·³ Á¾±³ ÀçÆÇÀ» µÎ·Á¿öÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ¸®¹ÙÀÌ¾î´ø(Leviathan)(1651) Ãâ°£ ÀüÀ̱â´Â ÇÏÁö¸¸ ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¿µ±¹¿¡¼­ ÇÁ¶û½º ÆÄ¸®·Î Çdz­À» °¡ 11³â°£ ¸Ó¹° ±âµµ ÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. Å׸¶¿©Çà½Å¹® TTN Korea ¿µ¾î°íÀü(English Classics)°ú ÇÔ²² ¾îÁ¦µµ, ¿À´Ãµµ, ³»Àϵµ ¸ÚÁø ¹®Çп©ÇàÀ»! B

 

¡°Whatsoever therefore is consequent to a time of war, where every man is enemy to every man, the same consequent to the time wherein men live without other security than what their own strength and their own invention shall furnish them withal. In such condition there is no place for industry... no knowledge of the face of the earth; no account of time; no arts; no letters; no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.¡± ¡°±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¿ø¼öÀÎ ÀüÀïÀÌ ÀϾ ¶§¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î, ÀÚ±â Èû°ú Àڱ⠹߸íǰÀÌ ±×µé¿¡°Ô ¹«¾ùÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ´ÂÁö ´Ù¸¥ ¾ÈÀüÀåÄ¡ ¾øÀÌ »ç´Â ½Ã´ë°¡ ¿Ã °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×·± »óŶó¸é ¾î¶² »ê¾÷µµ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÕ´Ï´Ù¡¦. ¶¥ÀÇ ¾ó±¼À» ¾ËÁö ¸øÇϸç, ¼¼¿ùÀ» Çì¾Æ¸®Áö ¸øÇϰí, ±ÛÀÚµµ ¾ø°í, »çȸµµ ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÃÖ¾ÇÀÎ °ÍÀº °è¼ÓµÇ´Â µÎ·Á¿ò°ú ³­ÆøÇÑ Á×À½ÀÇ À§Çè¿¡ ½Ã´Þ·Á¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×·± Àΰ£ÀÇ »îÀÇ »îÀº °íµ¶Çϰí, °¡³­Çϰí, °í¾àÇϰí, ÀÜÀÎÇϰí, Âª½À´Ï´Ù.¡±

 

È£ºñÁò(Hobbism)°ú È£ºñ½ºÆ®(Hobbist) : È£ºñÁò(Hobbism)Àº 1Â÷ÀûÀ¸·Î´Â ¡®Åä¸Ó½º È©½ºÀÇ »ç»ó(the philosophical system of Thomas Hobbes)¡¯À» ¶æÇÏÁö¸¸, ´ç´ëÀÇ ¿¤¸®Æ®´Â À̸¦ ½ÅÀÇ Á¸À縦 ºÎÁ¤ÇÑ ¹«½Å·Ð°ú »çȸ°è¾à·Ð¿¡ ÀǰÅÇÑ Àý´ë±ºÁÖ·ÐÀ¸·Î ¿©°å½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ ¶§¹®¿¡ ¿Õ±Ç½Å¼ö¼³À» ÃßÁ¾ÇÏ´Â ¿Õ´çÆÄ¿Í Àý´ë±ºÁÖ·ÐÀ» ºÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ÀÇȸÆÄ·ÎºÎÅÍ µ¿½Ã¿¡ ºñ³­À» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù´Â¡¦. È£ºñÁò(Hobbism)Àº ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ±Ç·ÂÀÚ¿Í Á¾±³ÀÎÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ´Â °­ÇÑ ¹Ý¹ßÀ» ºÒ·¯ ÀÏÀ¸Ä×À¸³ª, µ¿½Ã¿¡ ±×ÀÇ Çõ¸íÀûÀÎ »ç»ó¿¡ ¿­±¤ÇÏ´Â ÃßÁ¾ÀÚ ¶ÇÇÑ ÀûÁö ¾Ê¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù. ±×ÀÇ »ç»ó È£ºñÁò(Hobbism)À» ÁöÁöÇÏ´Â À̵éÀ» ÀÏÄ´ À̵éÀ» È£ºñ½ºÆ®(Hobbist)¶ó ºÒ·¶½À´Ï´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯·Î Ä¡¸é Á¤Ä¡ÀÎÀ̳ª ÀÛ°¡ÀÇ ÆÒŬ·´¿¡ ºñÀ¯ÇÒ ¼ö Àְڳ׿ä.

 

¡°To this war of every man against every man, this also in consequent; that nothing can be unjust. The notions of right and wrong, justice and injustice have there no place. Where there is no common power, there is no law, where no law, no injustice. Force, and fraud, are in war the cardinal virtues.¡± ¡°¸¸ÀÎÀÌ ¸¸Àο¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ÅõÀïÇÑ ÀüÀïµµ ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î Á¤ÀÇ·ÓÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. ¿Ç°í ±×¸§, Á¤ÀÇ¿Í ºÒÀÇÀÇ °ü³äÀº ¼³ ÀÚ¸®°¡ ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. °øµ¿ÀÇ ÈûÀÌ ¾ø´Â °÷¿¡´Â ¹ýµµ ¾ø°í, ¹ýµµ ¾ø´Â °÷¿¡´Â ºÒÀǵµ Á¸ÀçÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÀüÀï¿¡¼­´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ Èû°ú »ç±â¸¸ÀÌ °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ´ö¸ñÀÏ µû¸§ÀÔ´Ï´Ù."

 

3´ë »çȸ°è¾à·ÐÀÚ(ÞäüåÌøå³Öåíº) : Åä¸Ó½º È©½º´Â ÀÚ¿¬ »óÅ¿¡¼­ÀÇ Àΰ£Àº bellum omnium contra omnes, Áï ¸¸ÀÎÀÇ ¸¸ÀÎÀ» À§ÇÑ ÅõÀï »óÅÂ(war of all against all)¶ó°í ÀüÁ¦ÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. À̸¦ ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀ¸·Î ÇØ°áÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¸¸ÀÎÀÇ µ¿ÀÇÇÏ¿¡ ±Ç·ÂÀ» Áã´Â ÀÚ°¡ ¹Ù·Î ¿ÕÀ̶õ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÀÌ´Â ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ¿Õ±Ç½Å¼ö¼³À» ºÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â Çõ¸íÀûÀÎ »ç»óÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Åä¸Ó½º È©½º°¡ Á¦½ÃÇÑ »çȸ°è¾à·Ð(ÞäüåÌøå³Öå, Theory of Social Contract)Àº ÀÌÈÄ °°Àº À×±Û·£µå ¿Õ±¹ Ãâ½ÅÀÇ Á¸ ·ÎÅ©(John Locke)(1632~1704)¿Í ÇÁ¶û½º ÀåÀÚÅ© ·ç¼Ò(Jean-Jacques Rousseau)(1712~1778)¸¦ °ÅÄ¡¸ç ´Ùµë¾îÁ³°í, Çö´ëÀÇ Á¤Ä¡ öÇаú ¹ý»ç»ó¿¡±îÁö Áö´ëÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÃÆ½À´Ï´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯ ¼¼ ¸íÀÇ »ç»ó°¡¸¦ ¡®3´ë »çȸ°è¾à·ÐÀÚ(ÞäüåÌøå³Öåíº)¡¯¶ó°í ºÎ¸¨´Ï´Ù.

 

¡°The condition of man... is a condition of war of everyone against everyone.¡± "Àΰ£ÀÇ Á¶°Ç... Àº ¸¸ÀÎÀÌ ¸¸Àΰú ÅõÀïÇÏ´Â ÀüÀïÀÇ Á¶°Ç°ú °°½À´Ï´Ù.¡±

 



 

-¸ñÂ÷(Index)-

ÇÁ·Ñ·Î±×(Prologue). Å׸¶¿©Çà½Å¹® TTN Korea ¿µ¾î°íÀü(English Classics) 101¼±À» Àоî¾ß Çϴ 7°¡Áö ÀÌÀ¯

7°¡Áö Ű¿öµå·Î Àд Åä¸Ó½º È©½º(Thomas Hobbes) by Á¶¸íÈ­ ÆíÁýÀå

01. ¿µ±¹ÀÇ ±Ù´ë öÇÐÀÚÀÌÀÚ, ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ¹ÎÁÖÀû »çȸ°è¾à·ÐÀÚ(1588~1679)

02. ¸®¹ÙÀÌ¾î´ø(Leviathan)(1651)

03. È£ºñÁò(Hobbism)°ú È£ºñ½ºÆ®(Hobbist)

04. 3´ë »çȸ°è¾à·ÐÀÚ(ÞäüåÌøå³Öåíº) : È©½º, ·ÎÅ©, ·ç¼Ò

05. Åä¸Ó½º È©½º(Thomas Hobbes)¸¦ ¸¸³ª´Â Àå¼Ò TOP4

06. ¿Àµð¿ÀºÏ(Audio Books)À¸·Î µè´Â Åä¸Ó½º È©½º(Thomas Hobbes)

07. Åä¸Ó½º È©½º(Thomas Hobbes) ¾î·Ï(Quotes)(25)

Åä¸Ó½º È©½ºÀÇ ¸®¹ÙÀÌ¾î´ø(Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes)(1651)

To My Most Honor'd Friend Mr. Francis Godolphin of Godolphin

The Introduction

Part 1. Of Man

I. Of Sense

II. Of Imagination

III. Of the Consequence or Train of Imaginations

IV. Of Speech

V. Of Reason and Science

VI. Of the Interior Beginnings of Voluntary Motions, Commonly Called the Passions; and the Speeches by Which They Are Expressed

VII. Of the Ends, or Resolutions of Discourse

VIII. Of the Virtues Commonly Called Intellectual, and Their Contrary Defects

IX. Of the Several Subjects of Knowledge

X. Of Power, Worth, Dignity, Honour, and Worthiness

XI. Of the Difference of Manners

XII. Of Religion

XIII. Of the Natural Condition of Mankind as Concerning Their Felicity and Misery

XIV. Of the First and Second Natural Laws, and of Contracts

XV. Of Other Laws of Nature

XVI. Of Persons, Authors, and Things Personated

Part II. Of Commonwealth

XVII. Of the Causes, Generation, and Definition of a Commonwealth

XVIII. Of the Rights of Soveraignes by Institution

XIX. Of the severall Kinds of Common-wealth by Institution, and of Succession to the Soveraigne Power

XX. Of Dominion Paternall, and Despoticall

XXI. Of the Liberty of Subjects

XXII. Of Systems Subject, Politicall, and Private

XXIII. Of the Publique Ministers of Soveraign Power

XXIV. Of the Nutrition, and Procreation of a Common-Wealth

XXV. Of Counsell

XXVI. Of Civill Lawes

XXVII. Of Crimes, Excuses, and Extenuations

XXVIII. Of Punishments, and Rewards

XXIX. Of those things that Weaken, or tend to the Dissolution of a Common-Wealth

XXX. Of the Office of the Sovereign Representative

XXXI. Of the Kingdom of God by Nature

Part III. Of a Christian Common-Wealth

XXXII. Of the Principles of Christian Politiques

XXXIII. Of the Number, Antiquity, Scope, Authority, and Interpreters of the Books of Holy Scripture

XXXIV. Of the Signification of Sprit, Angel, and Inspiration in the Books of Holy Scripture

XXXV. Of the Signification in Scripture of Kingdome of God, of Holy, Sacred, and Sacrament

XXXVI. Of the Word of God, and of Prophets

XXXVII. Of Miracles and their Use

XXXVIII. Of the Signification in Scripture of Eternal Life, Hell, Salvation, the World to Come, and Redemption

XXXIX. Of the Signification in Scripture of the Word Church

XL. Of the Rights of the Kingdom of God, in Abraham, Moses, the High - Priests, and the Kings Of Judah

XLI. Of The Office Of Our Blessed Saviour

XLII. Of Power Ecclesiasticall

XLIII. Of what is Necessary for a Man's Reception into the Kingdom of Heaven

Part IV. Of the Kingdom of Darkness

XLIV. Of Spiritual Darkness from Misinterpretation of Scripture

XLV. Of Daemonology, and other Reliques of the Religion of the Gentiles

XLVI. Of Darknesse from Vain Philosophy, and Fabulous Traditions

XLVII. Of the Benefit that proceedeth from such Darknesse, and to whom it Accreweth

A Review, and Conclusion

ºÎ·Ï(Appendix). ¼¼°èÀÇ °íÀüÀ» ¿©ÇàÇÏ´Â È÷Ä¡ÇÏÀÌÄ¿¸¦ À§ÇÑ ¾È³»¼­(The Hitchhiker's Guide to Worlds¡¯s Classics)

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Åä¸Ó½º È©½º(Thomas Hobbes)

 

¡°Homo homini lupus.¡± ¡°Àΰ£Àº Àΰ£¿¡°Ô ´Á´ë´Ù.¡±

 

¿µ±¹ÀÇ ±Ù´ë öÇÐÀÚÀÌÀÚ, ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ¹ÎÁÖÀû »çȸ°è¾à·ÐÀÚ(1588~1679) : 1588³â ¿µ±¹ Åä¸Ó½º È©½º(Thomas Hobbes)´Â À×±Û·£µå ¿Õ±¹(Kingdom of England)(927~1707) ¼­³²ºÎ ¸ô¸á½ºº£¸®(Malmesbury)ÀÇ ÀÛÀº ½Ã°ñ¸¶À» ¿þ½ºÆ®Æ÷Æ®(Westport)¿¡¼­ ž½À´Ï´Ù. ±×°¡ Ȱµ¿ÇÑ ½Ã±â´Â À×±Û·£µå ¿Õ±¹(Kingdom of England)ÀÌ ÀüÁ¦±ºÁÖÁ¦(îöð¤ÏÖñ«ð¤, despotic monarchy)(~1215)¸¦ Áö³ª, ÁØÀÔÇ屺ÁÖÁ¦(1215~1689)¿´´ø ½Ã±â·Î ÀÔÇ屺ÁÖÁ¦(Ø¡úÊÏÖñ«ð¤)(1689~)´Â ±×°¡ »ç¸ÁÇϰí 11³â ÈÄ¿¡¾ß ½ÃÀ۵˴ϴÙ. À×±Û·£µå ¿Õ±¹Àº Áö¿ªÀûÀ¸·Îµµ ÇöÀçÀÇ ¿µ±¹ ÁßºÎ¿Í ³²ºÎ¿¡ ±¹ÇѵǸç, ÇöÀçÀÇ ¿þÀϽº(Wales)¿Í À×±Û·£µå(England)°¡ ÀÌ¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÕ´Ï´Ù.

 

±×°¡ ž 1588³âÀº ÇÕ½ººÎ¸£Å© ½ºÆäÀÎ(Monarquía Hispánica)ÀÇ ¹«ÀûÇÔ´ë(Armada Invencible)°¡ À×±Û·£µå-½ºÆäÀÎ ÀüÀï(Anglo-Spanish War)(1585~1604)À» ¹úÀÌ´ø ½Ã±â·Î, ±×µéÀÌ À×±Û·£µå ¿Õ±¹À» ħ°øÇÑ´Ù´Â ¼Ò½ÄÀ» µéÀº ±×ÀÇ ¾î¸Ó´Ï´Â ±ô¦ ³î¶ó Á¶»êÀ» ÇÏ°í ¸»¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù. ¸¶Ä¡ Á¶¼±ÀÇ ÇѸíȸ(ùÛÙ¥üè)ó·³ ¼® ´Þ ¸ÕÀú ¼¼»ó¿¡ ³­ Ä¥»èµÕÀÌ Åä¸Ó½º È©½º´Â Èʳ¯ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ À§Æ® ÀÖ´Â ¾î·ÏÀ» ³²°å½À´Ï´Ù. "my mother gave birth to twins: myself and fear.¡± "¿ì¸® ¾î¸Ó´Ï´Â ½ÖµÕÀ̸¦ ³º¾Ò´Âµ¥, ¹Ù·Î ³ª ÀڽŰú µÎ·Á¿òÀ̾ú´Ù." ±¹³»¿¡¼­´Â ÈçÈ÷ ¡®³ª´Â °øÆ÷¿Í ½ÖµÕÀ̷Πž´Ù.¡¯·Î ¿Å±é´Ï´Ù.

 

Á¦´ë·Î °øºÎÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ Åä¸Ó½º È©½ºÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö(Thomas Sr.)´Â Á¦´ë·Î °¡Á¤À» µ¹º¸Áö ¸øÇßÀ¸³ª, Åä¸Ó½º È©½º´Â ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ Àå°© ÀåÀÎ(glove manufacturer) »ïÃÌÀÇ Áö¿øÀ¸·Î Á¦´ë·Î Çо÷À» ½×À» ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. 4»ì ¶§ºÎÅÍ ´Ù´Ñ ¿þ½ºÆ®Æ÷Æ® ±³È¸(Westport church)¸¦ ½ÃÀÛÀ¸·Î ¸»¸ÞÁ¸® Çб³(Malmesbury school)¿Í ¸í¹®´ë Ãâ½ÅÀÇ ±³»ç°¡ ¼³¸³ÇÑ »ç¸³Çб³(private school)¸¦ °ÅÃÄ ¸¶µé¸° ´ëÇÐ(Magdalen Hall)(1601~1602)¿¡ ÁøÇÐÇß°í, ÄÉÀӺ긮Áö ¼¼ÀÎÆ®Á¸½º Ä®¸®Áö(St John's College, Cambridge)(~1608)¿¡¼­ Çл縦 ÃëµæÇß½À´Ï´Ù. ¸¶µé¸° ´ëÇÐ(Magdalen Hall)Àº ÇöÀç ¿µ±¹À» ´ëÇ¥ÇÏ´Â ¿Á½ºÆÛµå ´ëÇÐ(Oxford University)ÀÇ ÀϺÎÀÔ´Ï´Ù.

 

Á¹¾÷ ÈÄ Àª¸®¾ö ij¹øµð½Ã(William Cavendish)ÀÇ ¾Æµé Àª¸®¾ö(William)ÀÇ °¡Á¤±³»ç·Î ±Ù¹«Çϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, Åä¸Ó½º È©½ºÀÇ ÀÏ»ý µ¿¾È Ä³¹øµð½Ã °¡¹®(Cavendish)Àº ±×ÀÇ Çй®Àû ÁöÁöÀÚÀÌÀÚ ÈÄ¿øÀÚ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. º£³×Ä¡¾ÆÀÇ Ç®°ÕÁö¿À ¹ÌÄ­Áö¿À(Fulgenzio Micanzio), º¥ Á¸½¼(Ben Jonson), ÇÁ¶õ½Ã½º º£ÀÌÄÁ(Francis Bacon) µî Åä¸Ó½º È©½º°¡ À¯·´À» ¿©ÇàÇϸç, ´ç´ëÀÇ ÇÐÀÚ, Á¤Ä¡ÀÎ, Ã¶ÇÐÀÚµé°ú ±³·ùÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´ø °ÍÀº Àª¸®¾öÀÇ ±×·£µå Åõ¾î(grand tour)(1610~1615)¿¡ ÀÎ¼Ö ±³»ç·Î Âü°¡ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ½×Àº ±³ºÐ ´öºÐÀÔ´Ï´Ù.

 

¡°If men are naturally in a state of war, why do they always carry arms and why do they have keys to lock their doors?¡± "¸¸¾à »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÚ¿¬È÷ ÀüÀï »óÅ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ¿Ö ±×µéÀº Ç×»ó ¹«±â¸¦ µé°í ´Ù´Ï¸ç, ¿Ö ¹®À» Àá±Û ¿­¼è¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ»±î¿ä?¡±

 

Åä¸Ó½º È©½º´Â ij¹øµð½Ã °¡¹®(Cavendish)ÀÇ °¡Á¤±³»ç·Î ¿À·§µ¿¾È ±Ù¹«Çϸç, 1630³âºÎÅÍ 37³â±îÁö ÇÁ¶û½º ÆÄ¸®¿¡ ü·ùÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ÇÁ¶û½º¿¡¼­ È©½º´Â ÇÇ·»Ã¼(Florence)ÀÇ °¥¸±·¹¿À °¥¸±·¹ÀÌ(Galileo Galilei)¿Í 1636³â ¸¸³­ °ÍÀ» ºñ·ÔÇØ ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ½ÅÇаú ¹°¸®ÇÐ, Àΰ£¿¡ °üÇÑ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀ» ¼÷¼º½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®½º, ¿µ¾î, ¶óƾ¾î¿¡ ´ÉÇÑ Åä¸Ó½º È©½º´Â ÅõŰµðµ¥½º(Thucydides)ÀÇ Æç·ÎÆù³×¼Ò½º ÀüÀï»ç(History of the Peloponnesian War)(1628) ¹ø¿ªÀ» ½ÃÀÛÀ¸·Î ÁýÇÊ È°µ¿À» ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. 1637³â ´Ù½Ã °í±¹À¸·Î µ¹¾Æ¿ÔÀ¸³ª, Á¤½ÄÀ¸·Î Ãâ°£ÇÏÁöµµ ¾ÊÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ³í¹® ¹ý·ü, ÀÚ¿¬, Á¤Ä¡ÀÇ ¿ä¼Ò(The Elements of Law, Natural and Politic)(1640)°¡ ³í¶õÀÌ µÇÀÚ, ´Ù½Ã ÇÁ¶û½º ÆÄ¸®·Î ÇǽÅÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. È©½ºÀÇ ¸í¼º¿¡ ±â´ë¾î ÇØ´ç ³í¹®Àº 10³â ÈÄÀΠ1650³â¿¡¾ß ±×°Íµµ ÇØÀûÆÇÀ¸·Î Ãâ°£µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.

 

¡°Covenants, without the sword, are but words and of no strength to secure a man at all.¡± ¡°°ËÀÌ ¾ø´Â ±Ô¾àÀº ¸»»ÓÀÌ¿ä, »ç¶÷À» ±¸ÇÒ ÈûÀÌ ÀüÇô ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù.¡±

 

¿Õ´çÆÄ¿Í ÀÇȸÆÄ°¡ ÀÏÀ¸Å² À×±Û·£µå ³»Àü(English Civil War)(1642~1651)ÀÇ ¹ß¹ß·Î À×±Û·£µå ¿Õ±¹ Àüü°¡ ÀüÈ­¿¡ ÈÛ½ÎÀ̰í, ³»Àü¿¡¼­ ÆÐ¹èÇÑ Âû½º 1¼¼(Charles I)ÀÇ Âü¼ö(1649)·Î È¥¶õ½º·¯¿î ½Ã±â¡¦¡¦. µåµð¾î Å丶½º È©½ºÀÇ ´ëÇ¥ÀÛ ¸®¹ÙÀÌ¾î´ø(Leviathan)(1651)ÀÌ Ãâ°£µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. Çõ¸íÀûÀÎ »ç»óÀ» ´ãÀº ±×ÀÇ Àú¼­´Â È£ºñÁò(Hobbism)À̶õ ½ÅÁ¶¾î°¡ ź»ýÇÒ Á¤µµ·Î ¶ß°Å¿î ³í¶õÀÇ µµÈ­¼±À» ´ç°å½À´Ï´Ù! ¿Ã¸®¹ö Å©·ÒÀ£(Oliver Cromwell)ÀÇ È£±¹°æ Á¤Ä¡(The Protectorate)(1653~1658)°¡ ½ÃÀÛµÈ °¡¿îµ¥, 1666³â ÇÏ¿øÀº ±×ÀÇ Àú¼­¸¦ °Ü³ÉÇÑ ±ÔÁ¦ ¹ý¾ÈÀ» Á¦ÃâÇÏ¿´°í, È©½º´Â ¿µ±¹¿¡¼­ ÃâÆÇ Ȱµ¿À» ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°Ô µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª »õ·Î¿î »ç»ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À¯·´ÀεéÀÇ °ü½ÉÀº ¶ß°Å¿ü°í, È©½º´Â ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ¡®¿µ±¹ ¹Û¿¡¼­ ´õ À¯¸íÇÑ ¿µ±¹ Á¤Ä¡ öÇа¡ÀÌÀÚ »ç»ó°¡¡¯·Î Ãß¾Ó¹Þ¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù.

 

¡°Life is nasty, brutish, and short¡± "ÀλýÀº °í¾àÇϰí ÀÜÀÎÇϸç ª½À´Ï´Ù.¡±

 

È©½º´Â ¿ª»ç, Á¤Ä¡, ¹ýÇÐÀº ¹°·Ð ±âÇÏÇÐ, ¹°¸®ÇÐ µîÀÇ °úÇÐ ºÐ¾ß¿Í ½ÅÇÐ, À±¸®ÇбîÁö ´Ù¾çÇÑ ºÐ¾ß¿¡ °ü½ÉÀÌ ¸¹¾Ò°í, »çÈÄ¿¡ Ãâ°£µÈ ¹Ì¿Ï¼º ¿ø°í±îÁö 50¿© ÆíÀÇ ³í¹®, ¹ø¿ª¼­, ´ëÈ­Áý µîÀ» Ãâ°£ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, 1679³â¿¡´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¶óƾ¾î ÀÚ¼­Àü(Latin autobiography)±îÁö Á÷Á¢ ½è½À´Ï´Ù. ¸»³â¿¡´Â Á¤Ä¡¿Í ¹«°üÇÑ – È£¸Þ·Î½ºÀÇ Àϸ®¾Æµå¿Í ¿Àµð¼¼ÀÌ(Homer's Iliad and Odyssey)¸¦ ¿µ¾î·Î ¿Å°åÀ¸¸ç(1673), 1679³â ¹«·Á 91¼¼ÀÇ ³ªÀÌ·Î »ç¸ÁÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. Ä¥»èµÕÀ̷Πž Åä¸Ó½º È©½º°¡ ¹«·Á 91¼¼±îÁö Àå¼öÇÑ °ÍÀº Áö±Ý ºÁµµ ³î¶ó¿î ÀÏÀÌ ¾Æ´Ò ¼ö ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. »çÈÄ¿¡´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¸ð½Å Àª¸®¾ö ij¹øµð½Ã(William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Devonshire)ÀÇ ¾Æ³» ¾Ø Ű±Û¸®(Anne Keighley)°¡ ¾ÈÀåµÈ ¹Ù Àִ ¼º ¿äÇÑÀÇ Ä§·Ê±³È¸(St John the Baptist's Church)¿¡ Àáµé¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.

 

¡°Now I am about to take my last voyage, a great leap in the dark¡± "ÀÌÁ¦ ¸¶Áö¸· Ç×ÇØ¸¦ ¾ÕµÎ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ¾îµÒ ¼Ó¿¡¼­ Å« µµ¾àÀ» ÇÒ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù.¡±

 




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